Physical Geology Final Flashcards by Cierra Hickson

[T3] The presence of “gouge” and fault breccia would be characteristics of ______ metamorphism.

A. Regional
B. Cataclastic
C. Burial
D. Contact
E. Impact

Cataclastic

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[T3] \_\_\_\_ metamorphism occurs along faults.
A. regional
B. cataclastic
C. burial
D. contact
E. impact

cataclastic

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[T3] \_\_\_ metamorphism is often associated with orogenic and covers a large area
A. regional
B. cataclastic
C. burial
D. contact
E. impact

regional

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[T3] \_\_\_ metamorphism is due to the presence of igneous plutons "baking" the surrounding rocks.
A. regional
B. cataclastic
C. burial
D. contact
E. impact

contact

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[T3] Contactites, such as hornfels and some quartz granulates are rocks associated with \_\_\_\_ metamorphism.
A. regional
B. cataclastic
C. burial
D. contact
E. impact

contact

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[T3] Granite rocks melt at ___ temperatures than basalts.
A. lower
B. higher
C. these rocks melt at the same temperatures

lower

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[T3] Carbon dioxide and water create \_\_\_ in metamorphic rocks. 
A. Metasomatism
B. Lithostatic pressure
C. direct pressure
D. temperature

metasomatism

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[T3] Pressure that caused foliation is ___ pressure.
A. lithostatic
B. directed

Directed

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[T3] Grain size increases with _____ metamorphism.
A. More
B. less

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[T3] The presence of the index mineral chlorite indicates a ____ grade of metmorphism.
A. low
B. high

low

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[T3] Burial metamorphism has ___ lithostatic pressure and ____ heat.

A. low, low
B. low, high
C. high, low
D. high, high

high, low

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[T3] Shocked quartz is commonly found in what metamorphic environment?
A. contact
B. burial
C. cataclastic
D. Impact
E. metasomatic

impact

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[T3] The lowest metamorphosed grade of shale is that is composed of clay sized particles is
A. slate
B. Phyllite
C. Schist
D. gneiss
E. migmitite

slate

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[T3] A \_\_\_ is a geologic structure that is circular and dips outward in all directions.
A syncline
B. anticline
C. dome
D. base
E. monocline

Dome

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[T3] In a ______ fault, the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall and there is a high fault angle (>20°).

a. normal
b. reverse
c. thrust
d. strike-slip

reverse

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[T3] A ______ is a fold in which the limbs dip away from one another and away from the fold axis.

a. syncline
b. anticline
c. dome
d. basin
e. monocline

anticline

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[T3] In an anticline the oldest rocks are on the _______ of the structure.

a. inside
b. outside

inside

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[T3] A ______is a fold in which the limbs dip toward one another and toward the fold axis.

a. syncline
b. anticline
c. dome
d. basin
e. monocline

syncline

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[T3] The force applied to an object is

a. Stress
b. strain
c. deformation
d. none of these

stress

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[T3] When rocks are pulled apart, it is ________ stress.

a. Compressional
b. extensional
c. shear

extensional

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[T3] Material that stays deformed when stress is removed exhibits ________ strain.

a. Elastic
b. plastic
c. brittle

plastic

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[T3] All of these factors control strain EXCEPT

a. Material nature
b. temperature
c. pressure
d. time
e. gravity

gravity

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[T3] High tempertures and pressure favor _____ behavior

a. Brittle
b. plastic
c. elastic

plastic

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[T3] In a ____ fault, the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall but the fault dip is very low angle.

a. normal
b. reverse
c. thrust
d. strike-slip

thrust

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[T3] Compressional mountain building produces all of the following types of mountain ranges EXCEPT

a. Island arcs
b. horsts and grabens
c. magmatic arcs
d. continental collision

horsts and grabens

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[T3] A ______ is a geologic structure that is circular and dips toward the central portion of the structure.

a. syncline
b. anticline
c. dome
d. basin
e. monocline

basin

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[T3] The ________ is the direction of a horizontal line in the plane of bedding.

a. dip
b. strike
c. both dip and strike are directions of horizontal lines in the planes of bedding

strike

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[T3] In an asymmetrical fold the limbs dip in

a. the same direction
b. opposite directions

opposite directions

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[T3] The imaginary plane which connects the fold axes of each rock layer and divides the fold symmetrically is the

a. Limb
b. fold axis
c. axial plane

axial plane

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[T3] ________ plunge towards the nose (closed end) of the U-shaped fold.

a. antilclines
b. synclines
c. basins

anticlines

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[T3] A break in a rock mass, with no relative movement on either side of the break is a

a. fault
b. joint
c. fold

joint

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[T3] In a _____ fault, the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall.

a. normal
b. reverse
c. thrust d.strike-slip

normal

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[T3] The Himalayas were built primarily by continental

a. subduction
b. obduction
c. rifting
d. shear
e. suturing (collision)

suturing (collision)

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[T3] The position in space of rock layers is the

a. altitude
b. magnitude c.declination
d. inclination
e. attitude

attitude

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[T3] A _______ is a fold which exhibits local steepening of an otherwise uniform dip.

a. syncline
b. anticline
c. dome
d. basin
e. monocline

monocline

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[T3] Faults with movement in the direction of the fault’s dip are

a. strike-slip faults
b. dip slip faults

dip slip faults

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[T3] Horsts and grabens occur in _______settings and are a series of _______ faults.

a. extensional, reverse
b. extensional, normal
c. compressional, reverse
d. compressinoal, normal

extensional, normal

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[T3] The fastest of all seismic waves are ______ waves.

a. love
b. rayleigh
c. P
d. S

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[T3] Which of the following is NOT an earthquake surface wave?

a. love wave
b. rayleigh wave
c. S wave
d. all of the above are earthquake surface waves

s wave

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[T3] The _____ Discontinuity is the boundary between the crust and mantle.

a. Gutenberg
b. Lehmann
c. Rayleigh
d. Love
e. Mohorovicic

Mohorovicic

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[T3] Earthquake intensity is measured by the _______ Scale.

a. Mercalli
b. Richter
c. all of the above measure earthquake

Mercalli

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[T3] A tsunami is a(n)

a. fire due to earthquakes
b. type of fault
c. ocean wave
d. earthquake epicenter

ocean wave

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[T3] The point on the surface, directly above where the earthquake originated, is the
a. focus
b. epicenter
c fault scarp

epicenter

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[T3] The _______Discontinuity is between the Earth’s core and mantle.

a. Gutenberg
b. Lehmann
c. Rayleigh
d. Love
e. Mohorovicic

gutenberg

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[T3] _______ waves are earthquake body waves that arrive second.

a. P
b. S
c. love
d. rayleigh
e. all of the above move at equal rates of speed

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[T3] The ____-wave shadow zone indicates that the Earth’s outer core is liquid.

a. P
b. S
c. both P and S waves indicate that the Earth’s outer core is liquid

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[T3] ._____ waves can only travel through solids.

a. love
b. rayleigh
c. P
d. S

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[T3] To determine the location of an earthquake, at least______ seismic stations recordings must be used.

a. 1
b. 3
c. 5
d. 7

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[T3] ._____ is when loose sediment begins to act like a liquid when shaken.

a. solifluction
b. inundation
c. liquefaction

liquefaction

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[T3] The earthquake that caused the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was a magnitude____.

a. 6.2
b. 7.1
c. 8.3
d. 9.1

9.1

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[T3] Tsunamis are different than regular waves because wave energy is

a. concentrated in the top 1/3 of the water column
b. at a depth that is ½ of a wavelength
c. distributed all the way to the ocean floor

c. distributed all the way to the ocean floor

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[T3] The earthquake that occurred on Good Friday, 1964 in Alaska was a magnitude

a. 6.8
b. 7.4
c. 8.6
d. 9.2

9.2

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[T3] Why was the tsunami in Papua New Guinea larger than expected?

a. a volcanic eruption occurred
b. the eathquake triggered a landslide
c. it was the largest earthquake ever recorded, with a M10
d. global warming

the earthquake triggered a landslide

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[T3] The Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program determines EQ potential by looking at things like microquakes and ground tilt which are examples of

a. paleoseismicity
b. precursor events
c. earthquake effects

precursor events

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[T3] Using wood instead of sheetrock for construction would be an example of

a. infill
b. buttessing
c. isolation
d. bracing

infill

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[T3] Consolidated materials have a ______ shear strength.

a. low
b. high
c. negligable

high

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[T3] All of the following are weak points, contributing to mass wasting, EXCEPT

a. clay layers
b. bedding planes
c. foliation planes
d. well-cemented grains

Well-cemented grains

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[T3] Sand has an angle of repose of 35°, boulders have a ________ angle of repose.

a. lower
b. higher
c. the same

higher

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[T3] All of the following are classified a rapid movement mass wasting EXCEPT

a. creep
b. flow
c. fall
d. avalanche
e. slide

creep

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[T3] Sudden, rapid movements of bedrock along planes of weakness, that move as one coherent block, are

a. slumps
b. slides
c. falls
d. flows
e. avalanche

slides

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[T3] Chaotic movement of a mass that has the consistency of newly mixed concrete characterizes

a. slumps
b. slides
c. falls
d. flows
e. avalanches

flows

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[T3] Mass wasting that is characteristic in an area that has permafrost that thaws is

a. liquefaction
b. creep
c. solifluction

solifluction

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[T3] Securing outer layers of rocks to inner layers of rocks is done by

a. dewatering pipes
b. retaining walls
c. rock bolts
d. wire mesh
e. gabions

rock bolts

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[T3] The type of mass wasting that is caused by the expansion and contraction of soil particles is

a. slide
b. slump
c. fall
d. creep
e. avalanche

creep

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[T4] For an area to be considered a desert, it must receive less than_____cm/yr of precipitation.

a. 0
b. 5
c. 15
d. 20
e. 25

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[T4] When water flows towards the center of the desert basin, it is termed______ drainage.

a. dendritic
b. distributary
c. radial
d. internal

internal

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[T4] _______ deserts occur in subtropical latitudes that are centered at 30° north and south of the equator.

a. climatic
b. topographic
c. coastal

climatic

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[T4] Dunes formed by the wind are termed _______ dunes

a. eolian
b. fluvial
c. lucustrine
d. marginal

eolian

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[T4] A______dune is a asymmetrical dune ridge that forms at right angles to the direction of prevailing winds.

a. parabolic
b. transverse
c. seif
d. barchan
e. stellate

transverse

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[T4] A______ dune has great height and length oriented in the direction of the prevailing wind.

a. parabolic
b. transverse
c. seif
d. barchan
e. stellate

seif

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[T4] A______dune is a mound of sand with a high central point and arms radiating in various directions

a. parabolic
b. transverse
c. seif
d. barchan
e. stellate

stellate

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[T4] ridges that are oriented parallel to the prevailing wind.

a. inselbergs
b. yardangs
c. playas
d. bajadas
e. arroyos

yarddogs

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[T4] Sand grains bouncing along the ground is termed

a. saltation
b. deflation
c. inflation
d. perturbation
e. realization

saltation

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[T4] A fan-shaped deposit of sediment built by a stream where it emerges from an upland or a mountain range into a broad valley or plain is a(n)

a. yardang
b. inselberg
c. alluvial fan
d. pediment
e. butte

alluvial fan

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[T4] Process by which water is released into the atmosphere by plants is

a. evaporation
b. transpiration
c. infiltration
d. sublimation
e. precipitation

transpiration

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[T4] The point where a stream enters into a larger body of water is its

a. watershed
b. divide
c. headwaters
d. mouth

mouth

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[T4] A trunk stream is an area of

a. erosion
b. deposition
c. all of the above
d. none of the above

erosion & deposition

all of the above

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[T4] Stream velocity depends upon all of these EXCEPT

a. channel roughness
b. stream pattern
c. gradient
d. volume of water
e. stream capacity

stream capacity

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[T4] A lake is______ base level

a. temporary
b. ultimate
c. neither

temporary

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[T4] Stream erosion is due to all of the following EXCEPT

a. deflation
b. abrasion
c. dissolution
d. hydraulic action

deflation

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[T4] Headward erosion causes

a. entrenched meanders
b. stream piracy
c. deposition
d. superposed streams

stream piracy

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[T4] The volume of sediment a stream can carry is the stream

a. discharge
b. competency
c. alluvium
d. capacity

capacity

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[T4] Sediment that is moving along in the column of water of the stream is the stream_______ load.

a. alluvium
b. bed
c. suspended
d. dissolved

suspended

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[T4] What stream pattern is created in areas of high gradient and have no floodplains?

a. straight
b. meandering
c. braided

straight

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[T4] What drainage pattern often develops on a mountain such as a volcano?

a. dendritic
b. radial
c. trellis
d. rectangular
e. deranged

radial

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[T4] What drainage patter has no streams but has abundant lakes?

a. dendritic
b. radial
c. trellis
d. rectangular
e. deranged

deranged

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[T4] What drainage pattern forms where underlying bedrock is crisscrossed with fractures?

a. dendritic
b. radial
c. trellis
d. rectangular
e. deranged

rectangular

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[T4] A low, broad embankment that runs along a stream and is formed during times of flooding is a

a. terraces
b. cutbank
c. point bar
d. meander scar
e. levee

levee

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[T4] The inner bank of a meandering stream is the

a. terraces
b. cutbank
c. point bar
d. meander scar
e. levee

point bar

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[T4] A crescent shaped feature that shows the former location of point bar is a

a. terraces
b. cutbank
c. point bar
d. meander scar
e. levee

meander scar

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[T4] Deltas have_______ drainage pattern.

a. dendritic
b. radial
c. distributary
d. trellis
e. deranged

distributary

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[t4]A deposit that forms when a stream enters a larger body of water is a

a. delta
b. alluvial fan
c. bajada

delta

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[T4] When a stream is confined to a canyon or gorge, with little or no floodplain, it is a(n)

a. cut bank
b. graded stream
c. superposed stream
d. entrenched meander

entrenched meander

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[T4] Unconsolidated sediments have _____ porosity.

a. low
b. high

high

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[T4] A measure of how well groundwater flows through a rock is

a. porosity
b. permeability
c. transmissivity d.fluidity

permeability

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[T4] All of the following control permeability EXCEPT

a. geothermal gradient
b. particle sorting
c. size of pores
d. porosity
e. structural features

geothermal gradient

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[T4] Larger pores ______ flow rate.

a. increase
b. decrease
c. it has no effect

increase

[T4] If a rock has lot of pores and they are connected, the rock has _____ porosity and ____ permeability.

a. good, good
b. good, bad
c. bad, good
d. bad, bad

good, good

[T4] The zone where pores are filled with water is the______zone.

a. soil water
b. aeration
c. capillary fringe
d. saturation

aeration

[T4] The water table is the surface between the ______ zone and the _____zone.

a. soil water, aeration
b. soil water, saturation
c. aeration, saturation

aeration, saturation

[T4] The Edwards aquifer is a_____ aquifer.

a. limestone
b. sandstone
c. conglomerate

limestone

[T4] The Ogallala aquifer lies under ______ region.

a. Stephenville
b. San Antonio
c. Panhandle

Panhandle

[T4] The Trinity aquifer is a ____ aquifer.

a. confined
b. unconfined

unconfined

[T4] The surface discharge of groundwater is a…

a. recharge zone
b. spring
c. perched water table
d. speleothem

spring

[T4] The component of a stream’s water that is due to groundwater is base____

a. level
b. flow

flow

[T4] To have an artesian system, you must have a(n)

a. unconfined aquifer
b. artesian pressure surface
c. zone of saturation
d. perched water table

artesian pressure surface

[T4] Karst topography forms in what type of rocks?

a. limestone
b. sandstone
c. conglomerate

limestone

[T4] Areas that lack surface drainage are

a. dry valleys
b. disappearing streams
c. tower karsts
d. solution valleys

dry valleys

[T4] Karst topography forms by

a. abrasion
b. dissolution
c. hydraulic action

dissolution

[T4] Forams form _____ ooze.

a. calcareous
b. siliceous

calcareous

[T4] In a graded bedding sequence in a submarine fan, the smaller particles are on_____.

a. top
b. bottom
c. they are all mixed together

top

[T4] Reefs typically do not grow below

a. 5m
b. 25m
c. 50m
d. 100m

50m

[T4] Reefs that are attached to the mainland are____reefs.

a. fringing
b. barrier
c. atoll

fringing

[T4] Sand and gravel are mined on the continental

a. shelf
b. slope
c. rise

shelf

[T4] Hydrothermal vents are sources of

a. sand
b. methane
c. sulfide
d. manganese

sulfide

[T4] Speleothems that form on the ground and grow up are

a. stalactites
b. stalagmites
c. columns
d. flowstone

stalagmites

[T4] For a geyser to form, the area _____ to be fractured and needs _____ groundwater flow.

a. needs, slow
b. needs, fast
c. doesn’t need, fast
d. doesn’t need, slow

needs, fast

[T4] Human use of groundwater leads to all of the following problems EXCEPT

a. lowering of water table
b. saltwater incursion
c. subsidence
d. gain of artesian pressure
e. contamination

gain of artesian pressure

[T4] The ocean floor is not composed of

a. fine grained sediments
b. schist
c. basalt
d. gabbro

schist

[T4] _______ is particularly useful for mapping structures below ocean sediments.

a. echo sounding
b. seismic profiling
c. neither of these

seismic profiling

[T4] Using the following abbreviations, what is the correct sequence of the ocean floor from top to bottom?
B=basalt dikes, G=gabbros, Pe=peridotite, Pb=pillow basalts, S=sediments

a. B, G, Pe, Pb, S
b. S, Pb, B, G, Pe
c. Pe, B, Pb, S, G

b. S, Pb, B, G, Pe

[T4] Which of the following does not make up the continental margin?

a. continental shelf
b. continental slope
c. continental rise
d. abyssal plain

abyssal plain

[T4] The West Coast of South America is an example of a ____ margin.

a. passive
b. active
c. neither

active

[T4] The continental shelf is wider at _____ margins.

a. passive
b. active
c. it doesn’t matter

passive

[T4] Submarine canyons occur do not occur on the

a. continental shelf
b. continental slope
c. abyssal plain

abyssal plain

[T4] There _____ continental rises at active margins.

a. are
b. are not

are not

[T4] A faster diverging rate at an oceanic ridge will yield a _____ profile of a mountain range.

a. flatter
b. steeper
c. rate will not change the profile

flatter

[T4] An underwater avalanche is a

a. slump
b. alluvial fan
c. turbidity current
d. debris flow

turbidity current

[T1]The study of the Earth’s materials, such as minerals and rocks, and the various physical and chemical changes that occur on its surface and in its interior is

a. historical geology
b. physical chemistry
c. physical geology
d. surface geology

physical geology

[T1] The study of rocks

a. geochemistry
b. petrology
c. geophysics
d. geomorphology

petrology

[T1] The “Father of Geology” is

a. James Hutton
b. Charles Lyell
c. Harry Hess
d. Alfred Wegener

James Hutton

[T1] “The present is the key to the past” is the principle of

a. actualism
b. uniformitarianism
c. either of these
d. neither of these

uniformitarianism

[T1] The “law of redshifts” states that as things move______, they emit red radiation.

a. towards
b. away
c. stay static

away

[T1] The formation of our solar system through the condensation and collapse of material is the ____ theory.

a. solar nebula
b. big bang
c. black hole
d. galaxy

solar nebula

[T1] Earth is approximately______ years old.

a. 2 million
b. 4.6 million
c. 2 billion
d. 4.6 billion
e. 10 billion

4.6 billion

[T1] Planets that are further from the sun and primarily formed from gas are _____ planets.

a. Terrestrial
b. Jovian
c. neither of these

Jovian

[T1] Earth is a _____ planet

a. Terrestrial
b. Jovian

Terrestrial

[T1] ___________ geologic time utilizes the laws of stratigraphy.

a. relative
b. absolute
c. neither of these
d. both of these

relative

[T1] In an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above and younger than the one below is the definition of the principle of

a. cross-cutting relationships
b. superposition
c. lateral continuity
d. inclusions

superposition

[T1] When tilted rocks are overlain by flat-lying rocks that is a

a. angular unconformity
b. disconformity
c. nonconformity

angular unconformity

[T1] Abundant organisms, with a widespread geographic distribution and with a “short” evolutionary existence are

a. correlating fossils
b. apparent fossils
c. index fossils
d. abundant fossils

index fossils

[T1] _______ inadvertently discovered radioactivity in rocks by placing a rock on photo paper.

a. Hutton
b. Curie
c. Becquerel
d. Lyell
e. Ussher

Becquerel

[T1] Materials containing carbon are dated using the _____ dating method.

a. potassium-argon
b. uranium-lead
c. carbon-14

carbon-14

[T1] The ________ Era means “recent life.”

a. Paleozoic
b. Mesozoic
c. cenozoic

cenozoic

[T1] All of the following are steps in the scientific method EXCEPT

a. hypothesis
b. prediction
c. testing
d. rebuttal
e. analysis

rebuttal

[T1] Who set forth the theory of continental drift?

a. James Hutton
b. Charles Lyell
c. Harry Hess
d. Alfred Wegener

Alfred Wegener

[T1] Before the breakup of Pangaea, the landmass was surrounded by a world ocean called

a. Panthalassa
b. Gondwana
c. Laurasia

Panthalassa

[T1] All of these pieces of evidence helped Wegener with his theory EXCEPT

a. fossil turtles
b. mountain ranges
c. glossopteris
d. tillites
e. mesosaurus

fossil turtles

[T1] The theory of seafloor spreading was proposed by

a. James Hutton
b. Charles Lyell
c. Harry Hess
d. Alfred Wegener

Harry Hess

[T1] Lithosphere is destroyed at

a. trenches (subduction zones)
b. mountain ranges
c. island arcs
d. mid-ocean ridges

trenches (subduction zones)

[T1]The ______Point is approximately 500 degrees Celsius and is when rocks magnetic signatures are preserved.

a. Hess
b. Reynolds
c. Wegener
d. Curie
e. Canterbury

Curie

[T1] All are methods of direct observation of the earth’s interior EXCEPT

a. magnetism
b. seismology
c. drilling
d. explosives

magnetism

[T1] Which layer constitutes about 80% of earth’s volume?

a. crust
b. mantle
c. outer core
d. inner core

mantle

[T1] Which layer is solid but can flow very slowly?

a. crust
b. mantle
c. outer core
d. inner core

mantle

[T1] The crust and uppermost mantle make up the

a. lithosphere
b. asthenosphere
c. mesosphere

lithosphere

[T1] Which layer is liquid?

a. crust
b. mantle
c. outer core
d. inner core

outer core

[T1] The thinnest layer of the earth is the

a. crust
b. mantle
c. outer core
d. inner core

crust

[T1] Which type of plate is less dense?

a. oceanic
b. continental
c. they have the same density

continental

[T1] The elevated position of the mid-oceanic ridge that causes lithosphere slabs to “slide” down the flanks of the ridge describes

a. slab pull
b. ridge push
c. slab suction
d. ridge pull

ridge push

[T1] Trenches are produced in a ______ boundary.

a. divergent
b. convergent
c. transform

convergent

[T1] Subduction occurs at _____ boundaries.

a. divergent
b. convergent
c. transform

convergent

[T1] Tectonically inactive shorelines are termed _______continental margins.

a. active
b. passive

passive

[T1] Younger, lighter plates produce ______ subduction zones.

a. steeper
b. shallower
c. they are the same

shallower

[T1] Volcanoes, deep earthquakes and trenches occur at _____ boundaries.

a. divergent
b. convergent
c. transform

convergent

[T1] The Andes Mountains are an example of a _________ boundary

a. oceanic divergent
b. continental divergent
c. oceanic convergent
d. continental convergent
e. oceanic-continental convergent

oceanic-continental convergent

[T1] Transform faults are ______ to mid-ocean ridges

a. parallel
b. perpendicular
c. not associated

perpendicular

[T1] Small pieces of continental crust that have fragmented and been moved by sea-floor spreading are

a. atolls
b. microcontinents
c. exotic terrains
d. guyots

microcontinents

[T1] All of the following are part of the mineral definition EXCEPT

a. man-made
b. inorganic
c. solid
d. definite chemical composition

man-made

[T1] Protons have a _____ charge.

a. positive
b. neutral
c. negative

positive

[T1] Positively charged ions are

a. neutrons
b. cations
c. compounds
d. anions

cations

[T1] When atoms share electrons, that is______ bonding.

a. ionic
b. covalent
c. metallic

covalent

[T1] The smallest repeating group that determines crystal form is the

a. crystal structure
b. unit cell
c. crystal face
d. compound

unit cell

[T1] The appearance of a mineral’s surface is its

a. streak
b. crystal form
c. cleavage
d. luster
e. specific gravity

luster

[T1] The density as compared to water is a mineral’s

a. streak
b. crystal form
c. cleavage
d. luster
e. specific gravity

specific gravity

[T1] A silicate tetrahedral is made up of 1 silicon and _____ oxygen atoms.

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5

[T1] The most abundant chemical group is the

a. oxides
b. carbonates
c. silicates
d. halides
e. sulfates

silicates

[T1] Galena (PbS) is a

a. oxide
b. sulfide
c. sulfate
d. carbonate
e. silicate

sulfide

[T1] Hydrated aluminosilicates that are often formed form the weathering of other minerals are

a. feldspars
b. quartz
c. hornblendes
d. clays
e. micas

clays

[T1] Feldspars and Quartz are examples of

a. carbonates
b. sulfides
c. silicates
d. halides
e. oxides

silicates

[T1] When one or more metals combine with one or more halogen elements (fluorine, chlorine, iodine, bromine) to produce a salt, it is a

a. silicate
b. sulfide
c. sulfate
d. halide
e. oxide

halide

[T1] Copper (Cu) is an example of a

a. phosphate
b. carbonate
c. sulfide
d. native element
e. oxid

native element

[T1] Minerals that are necessary to the economy of a country

a. critical minerals
b. strategic minerals
c. reserve minerals
d. ore minerals

critical minerals

[T1] Potential supplies of a particular mineral resource, believed to exist because of geologic knowledge and theory, but locations, quality and amounts are unknown are

a. identified resources
b. undiscovered resources
c. reserves

undiscovered resources

[T1] Extracting a metal ore or fuel resource from a deep underground deposit is

a. open pit mining
b. dredging
c. strip mining
d. subsurface mining

subsurface mining

[T1] Separating the desired mineral from the other elements in an ore mineral is

a. strip mining
b. dredging
c. smelting
d. subsurface mining

smelting

[T1] All of the following are environmental effects of mining EXCEPT

a. disturbing land
b. thermal pollution
c. resource recovery
d. acid mine drainage

resource recovery

[T1] Depletion time is the time it takes to use a certain portion, usually ______, of mineral reserves at a given rate of use.

a. 10%
b. 40%
c. 80%
d. 100%

80%

[T1] Identified and unidentified resources ____ classified as reserves.

a. are
b. are not

are not

[T2] The accumulation of rock and mineral grains weathered and eroded from pre-existing rocks create _____ rocks.
A. igneous
B.metamorphic
C. sedimentary

sedimentary

[T2] Rocks that contain clay, silt, sand and gravel particles are _______ rocks.

A.extrusive igneous  
B.intrusive igneous  
C.clastic sedimentary  
D.chemical sedimentary  
E.biogenic sedimentary

clastic sedimentary

[T2] Cross-bedding and ripple marks are most characteristic of ______ rocks.
A.igneous
B.metamorphic
C.sedimentary

sedimentary

[T2] Rocks that crystallize from magma are ________ rocks.

A.extrusive igneous
B.intrusive igneous
C.clastic sedimentary D.chemical sedimentary E.biogenic sedimentary

intrusive igneous

[T2] Bowen’s Reaction Series explains how minerals _______ and the stability series explains how minerals____.

A.form, erode
B.erode, form
C. form, form
D. erode, erode

form, erode

[T2] ________are hot glowing clouds of volcanic ash and gas that can rush down slopes of volcanoes at over 60 miles per hour.

A.Pyroclastic flows 	 
B.volcanic bombs 	 
C.stocks  	
D.dikes 	
 E.calderas

Pyroclastic flows

[T2] ________ are very large crystal (thumbnail size or larger) igneous rocks formed from the last, water-rich “dregs” of magma.

A.diorites 	 
B.andesites  		
C.basalts  	
D.rhyolites  	
E.pegmatites

pegmatites

[T2] _______textures have at least two sizes crystals that represent multiple cooling histories.

A.porphyritic 	 
B.phaneritic 	 
C.vesicular  	
D.aphanitic  	
E.amygdaloidal

porphyritic

[T2] Composite cone volcanoes are primarily made of _____ material.

A.felsic
B.intermediate
C.mafic

felsic

[T2] ________ magma is rich in iron and magnesium; they have lower viscosity magma and therefore, flows long distances.

A.felsic
B.intermediate
C.mafic

mafic

[T2] ________ have low, flat broad profiles.
A.cinder cones
B.shield volcanoes
C.composite volcanoes

shield volcanoes

[T2] Stocks are _________than batholiths.
A.smaller
B.larger
C.stocks and batholiths are the same size

smaller

[T2] Composite cone volcanoes are ________explosive than shield volcanoes.
A.less
B.more
C.there is no difference in the explosiveness of these volcanoes

[T2]  All of these are reasons for melting magma EXCEPT
A.Fluxes		
B. Decompression	
C.  Radioactive Isotope 	
D. Global Warming

global warming

[T2] All of the following are magma forming environments EXCEPT
A.divergent boundaries		
B. transform boundaries	
C. subduction zones	
D. hot spots

transform boundaries

[T2] A tabular, discorndant pluton that forms where magma fills in fractures cutting across rocks is a
A. sill		
B. dike		
C. Stock	
D. Laccolith

dike

[T2] Small volcanoes that are formed of pyroclastic debris and may appear as parasites on other volcanoes are
A. Compostie Cones
B. Shield
C. Cinder Cone

cinder cone

[T2] When magma in the volcanic conduit crystallizes and the softer material forming the slopes of the volcano then erodes away, that forms a
A. lava tube	
B. volcanic neck	
C. fissure	
D. caldera	
E. lava dome

volcanic neck

[T2] ________lava has a smooth, ropy appearance.
A.pillow
B.aa
C.pahoehoe
D.all of the above has a smooth, ropy appearance

pahoehoe

[T2] The phenocrysts in porphyritic textures represent _____ cooling.
A.faster
B.slower

slower

[T2] Plutons are ______ igneous structures.
A.intrusive
B.extrusive

intrusive

[T2] \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are large, bowl-shaped summit depressions in volcanoes.  
A.ignimbrites 	 
B.batholiths 	 
C.stocks  	
D.dikes 	 
E.calderas

calderas

[T2] As time progresses, soils become
A.more alike
B.less alike

more alike

[T2] Granite will lead to _________soils.
A. clay-rich
B.sand-rich

sand-rich

[T2] Pressure release fracturing due to pressure release above igneous plutons thata often form concentric fractured layers is
A. Root wedging	
B. Abrasion	
C. Exfoliation		
D. Biogenic weathering

Exfoliation

[T2] Which mineral crystallizes last but also is most stable?
A. K-Feldspar		
B. Quartz	
C. Biotite	
D. Olivine	
E. Plagioclase Feldspar

Quartz

[T2] The “Zone of Leaching” is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_horizon.
A. O	
B. A	
C. E	
D. B	
E. C

A horizon

[T2] What climate is most favorable for soil formation?
A. Warm, dry		
B. Warm, moist		
C. Cold, dry	
D. Cold, moist

warm, moist

[T2] Which of these practices is NOT used to combat soil erosion?
A. contour farming	
B. conservation tillage		
C. buffer zones		
D. soil compaction

soil compaction

[T2] \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are formed by the mechanical concentration of heavy mineral particles by currents.  
A.phosphorites  	
B.carbonates 	 
C.phosphates  	
D.banded iron formations 	 
E.placers

placers

[T2] \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is formed from the buried remains of plants, typically in swampy areas associated with ancient deltas.  
A.petroleum  	
B.clathrates 	 
C.natural gas 		 
D.coal  	
E.oil shale

coal

[T2] In a high energy envronments, rounding and sorting of quartz grains will be
A.well-developed
B.not well developed

well-developed

[T2] \_\_\_\_\_\_\_environments are lake environments.  
A.eolian 	 
B.lacustrine  	
C.fluvial  	
D.lagoonal  	
E.glacial

lacustrine

[T2] With greater "maturity", sedimentary rocks become more \_\_\_\_\_-rich.  
A.feldspar  	
B.olivine  	
C.hornblende  		
D.augite  	
E.quartz

quartz

[T2] Which of the following is NOT a coal grade?  
A.anthracite 	 
B.gabbro 	 
C.bituminous 		 
D.lignite

gabbro

[T2] Rocks formed by inorganic precipitation of minerals are
A. clastic sedimentary
B. chemical sedimentary
C. biogenic sedimentary

chemical sedimentary

[T2] When lithifying a rock, the reduction of pore space (holes) is
A. compaction
B. cementation
C. crystallization

compaction

[T2] A. triangular-shaped deposit of poorly-sorted sediment, formed in arid to semiarid climates, where there is a rapid change in slope is a(n) 
A. alluvial fan		
B. Delta		
C. lahar		
D. barrier island		
E. reef

alluvial fan

[T2] Very old rocks, that are common iron ores, and were probably formed by bacteriogenic activity are
A. phosphorites	
B. BIFs		
C. skarns	
D. placers

BIFs

[T2] Acid rain is an environmental impact of using
A. petroleum	
B. oil shale	
C. tar sands	
D. coal		
E. clathrates

coal

[T2] Mineral growths that replace or force aside the surrounding sediment are
A.geodes
B.nodules
C.concretions

concretions

[T2] Placers are associated with which rock type?
A. igneous
B. metamorphic
C. sedimentary

sedimentary

[T2] Lithification is the process of forming which rock type?
A. igneous
B. metamorphic
C. sedimentary

sedimentary

[T2] Evaporites are _______ rocks.
A. igneous
B. metamorphic
C. sedimentary

sedimentary

[T2] If an igneous rock melts, it becomes a(n)
A. sedimentary
B. Igneous
C. Metamorphic

Igneous

[T2] A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a tabular concordant pluton where magma is injected between rock layers and domes the country rock above, creating a mushroom shape.
A.lopolith  	
B.stock  	
C.sill  		
D.laccolith  	
E.dike

Laccolith

[T2] Pahoehoe lava develops where there is ______ lava viscosity versus Aa lava.

A.less
B.greater

less

[T2] Surrounding country rock falls into the magma chamber. This is an example of

A. Assimilation
B. Magma Mixing
C. Crystal Settling

Assimilation

[T2] When sponge-like openings within a rock are infilled with mineral deposits, that forms

A. Dessiminations
B. Veins
C. blankets

Dessiminations

[T2] Cross-bedding and ripple marks are ______ sedimentary structures.

A.primary
B.secondary

primary

[T2] Till and loess are associated with_____ environments.

A. fulvial
B. glacial
C. lacustrine
D. delta

glacial

[T2] Ripples formed by waves are

A. symmetrical
B. assymetrical

symmetrical

[T2] If an igenous rock breaks down and the resulting sediment is transported and lithified, it becomes a(n)

A. sedimentary
B. Igneous
C. Metamorphic

sedimentary

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Physical Geology Final Flashcards

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