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Motor Development > Physical growth, maturation, and aging > Flashcards

Physical growth, maturation, and aging Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Growth and aging change individual constraints how?

A

genetic and extrinsic factors combine to influence growth and aging

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2
Q

universality

A

patterns that hold for all humans (everyone goes through- crawling)

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3
Q

specificity

A

individual variation

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4
Q

extrinsic factors

A

characteristics that one was not born with

- can have control over

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5
Q

developmentally appropriate example

A

soccer different for 5 year olds than 18 year olds

  • field smaller
  • goal smaller
  • smaller number of players
  • ball smaller
  • shorter duration
  • reduce number of rules
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6
Q

Important concept of growth and aging change individual constraints

A

educators and therapists can make tasks developmentally appropriate

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7
Q

Prenatal development (before birth)

A

early development is controlled by genes: normal and inherited abnormal development
- embryo or fetus is sensitive to extrinsic factors: positive and negative effects

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8
Q

example of negative extrinsic factor

A

smoke: less 02 to fetus, asthma, LBW (low birth weight- stunts growth)
alcohol: fetal alcohol syndrome

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9
Q

example of positive extrinsic factor

A

dieting well- healthy baby

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10
Q

embryonic development

A
  • conception to 8 weeks
  • differentiation of cells to form specific tissues and organs
  • limbs formed at 4 weeks
  • human form noticeable at 8 weeks
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11
Q

Important part of embryonic development

A

at cellular level when they form organs and tissues
1- brain: 1st part, develop reflex in vital organs
2- heart: 2nd part, genetic influenced

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12
Q

miscarriage

A

brain or heart did not develop

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13
Q

Implantation

A
  • uterus wall closes to create a sterile environment

- ovulation: 24 hour period egg to be fertilized

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14
Q

Doctor visit frequency when pregnant

A
  • see doctor at 3 months pregnant, then after each month
  • added 300-350 calories to normal diet
  • 8th month: twice a month
  • 9th month every week
  • 5th month: genetic testing (triple serum test)
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15
Q

triple serum test

A

measures possibilities of genetic disabilities, taken at 5th month

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16
Q

2 birthing phases

A

1- contraction phase

2- pushing phase

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17
Q

Fetal Development

A
  • 8 weeks to birth
  • continued growth by hyperplasia (cell number) and hypertrophy (cell size)
  • cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (near to far): growth
  • plasticity (capability of taking on a new function)
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18
Q

Why when baby born clean nose and mouth 1st?

A

1st breath of 02 is the most important

  • lungs are the last to develop
  • test color of embryo sac for 02
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19
Q

birth scale

A

+4 – 0 – -4
0- head birth canal
-4: ready to come out

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20
Q

APGAR

A

test that checks to baby’s skin

  • checks for rate of respiration, temperature, and how well getting 02 by skin
  • score out of a scale of 10
  • 8 or higher is good
  • 7 monitor
  • 6 or less bring in specialist
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21
Q

infant weigh loss requirement

A
  • no more than 10% of weight lost for baby

- pediatrician appointment a week after to get back at birth weight

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22
Q

fetal nourishment

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 02 and nutrients diffuse between fetal and material blood in placenta
  • poor maternal health status can affect fetus
  • 02 levels really important on prenatal development (dependent on mother or at birth)
  • add 350 calories to normal diet during pregnancy
23
Q
  • abnormal prenatal development
Study These Flashcards
A
  • source can be genetic or exrtinsic

- congenital defects (present at birth) can derive from genetic or extrinsic source

24
Q

acquired

Study These Flashcards
A

born normal, something happened in life to bring out disability

25
can assess the following abnormal prenatal development from genetics?
downs syndrome (trisomy 21) and cystic fibrosis
26
genetic causes of abnormal development
- can be dominant disorders (defective gene from one parent) or recessive disorders (defective gene from each parent) - result from mutation of gene - effects on growth and maturation are variable
27
extrinsic causes of abnormal development
- can affect fetus through nourishment or physical environment - teratogens delivered through nourishment systems act as malformation-producing agents - some teratogenic effects result from too much of a substance, some from too little
28
extrinsic causes of abnormal development and placenta screens
- placenta screens some substances (large viruses) but not all harmful ones - harmful environmental factors: pressure, temperature, X and gamma rays, 02 deficient atmospheres, and pollutants - tissues undergoing rapid development at time of exposure are most vulnerable
29
teratogens
- substances that might impact fetal development - xrays - exercise: continue original lifestyle - lack of nutrients could link to autism
30
postnatal development
- overall growth follows sigmoid (s shaped) pattern; how to measure growth - timing of spurts and steady periods can vary between individuals (differs between sexes)
31
sigmoid pattern
- plateaus end of puberty - height, weight, head circumference - when 2 standard deviations away not normal
32
when does peak height occur and when does it taper for a girl?
- peak height velocity occurs at 11.5-12 years | - growth in height tapers off around 14, ends around 16
33
when does peak height occur ad when does it taper for a boy?
- peak height velocity occurs at 13.5-14 years | - growth in height tapers off around 17, ends around 18
34
height
- heavily driven genetic - ossification: bone development can depict height - avg female: 5'4" - avg male: 5'10"
35
weight
- is susceptible to extrinsic factors, especially diet and exercise - individuals grow up, then fill out: peak weight velocity follows peak height velocity (by 2.5-5 months in boys, 3.5-10.5 in girls) - food choices made by elders and children choose
36
what issue is now hitting younger generations?
childhood obesity | - weight and height need to be and should be proportional
37
relative growth
- body as a whole follows sigmoid pattern; specific parts, tissues, and organs have different growth rates - body proportions change from head-heavy, short legged from at birth to adult proportions - in adolescence, boys increase in shoulder breadth
38
Important aspect of relative growth
all systems of growth develop separately but must work together cohesively - physical system, cognitive system, perception system
39
physiological maturation
- as children and youth become older, they grow in size and mature - children vary in maturation rate - it is difficult to infer maturity from age alone, size alone, or age and size together
40
maturation
composition working together - practice to work on skills not develop - football game 25:1 - not linked to chronological age
41
Big mistake of guardians/parents on the perception early maturation!
early maturation does not mean continue at the same rate
42
secondary sex characteristics
- appear as a function of maturation - appear at a younger age in early maturers - linked to puberty - females: increase in estrogen and adipose tissue - males: testosterone increase muscle mass
43
When does skill develop?
elementary school
44
When does cognitive develop?
middle school
45
When girls drop out of physical activity (decrease)? why?
- in middle school - drop out of physical activity due to social reasons - elders specialize girls at young age as opposed to relate to other sports (club sport, dance, gymnastics)
46
extrinsic influences on postnatal growth
- individuals are especially sensitive during periods of rapid growth - catch up growth demonstrates extrinsic influences - catch up at different rates
47
adult and aging
- height is stable in adulthood buy may decrease in older adulthood (compression of cartilage pads and osteoporosis) - average adult starts gaining weight in the 20s (diet, exercise, nutrition, loss of muscle mass, and pyschological)
48
prenatal development is influenced by what?
genetic and extrinsic factors
49
most extrinsic factors are influential through what?
nourishment system | - 02 levels
50
growth abnormalities can be caused by what?
genes, environment, or both | - ongential or acquired
51
lifestyle changes
can have a negative influence on weight - diet and nutrition important along with lifestlye ex: consistent exercising
52
whole body growth follows what?
sigmoid growth pattern (with timing differences between the sexes and between individuals) - with advancing age, extrinsic factors contribute more to individual variability
53
sigmoid pattern example
- height: 56% weight 87% - changes over time, based on sex and age specific - height taller 56% of same age and gender weight heavier 87%

Motor Development (2 decks)

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