Physical incompatibilities

Question 1

Problem that may arise when two or more drugs are combined during compounding, dispensing or administration

Answer 1

Drug incompatibility

Question 2

alteration of a drug effect due to the influence of another substance (i.e. drug, chemical substance, nutrition)

Answer 2

Drug interaction

Question 3

Role of pharmacists in incompatibilities

Answer 3

Elucidate
Explain
Predict

Question 4

Physical incompatibilities

Answer 4

Liquefaction 
Polymorphism 
Incomplete solution 
Precipitation 
Sorption 
Vaporization 
Water loss

Question 5

Silica gel

Answer 5

Hygroscopic

Question 6

NaCl

Answer 6

Deliquescent

Question 7

Atropine

Answer 7

Efflorescent

Question 8

Alum

Answer 8

Efflorescent

Question 9

Citric acid

Answer 9

Efflorescent

Question 10

SO4, FeSO4

Answer 10

Efflorescent

Question 11

Camphor

Answer 11

Eutectia

Question 12

Phenol

Answer 12

Eutectia

Question 13

Thymol, menthol

Answer 13

Eutectia

Question 14

Examples of polymorphs

Answer 14

Aspirin
Theobroma
Chloramphenicol
Sulfanilamide

Question 15

Types of incomplete solution

Answer 15

Insolubility

Immiscibity

Question 16

Pectin and alcohol

Answer 16

Insolubility

Question 17

Resin and water

Answer 17

Insolubility

Question 18

Gum and alcohol

Answer 18

Insolubility

Question 19

Oil and water

Answer 19

Insolubility

Question 20

Water and amiodarone

Answer 20

Immiscibility

Question 21

Water and clonazepam

Answer 21

Immiscibility

Question 22

Solute is thrown out of the solution

Answer 22

Precipitation

Question 23

Physical precipitation

Answer 23

Salting out

Question 24

Chemical precipitation

Answer 24

New compound is formed

Question 25

Precipitation may occur by:

Answer 25

1) Organic anions and organic cations (opposite salts) 2) Diluting drug salt solutions such that pH values generate more nonionized forms 3) Mixing organic ions that have the same charge with more than 1 unit difference in drug pKaand solution pH (i.e. sodium salts of different drugs)

Question 26

Factors affecting solubility

Answer 26

Solvent pH Temperature

Question 27

Management of liquefaction

Answer 27

1. Place in tight-sealed conatiners 2. Add adsorbent 3. Substitute Andhydrous form 4. Place in low humidity environment

Question 28

Management of polymorphism

Answer 28

Be familiar with polymorphic drugs/excipients

Question 29

Management for precipitation and Incomplete solution

Answer 29

1. Know the drug’s solubility 2. Use the ester/salt form 3. Know the drug’s critical pH 4. Add solubilizers 5. Add co-solvent

Question 30

General term for surface phenomena of drugs onto containers, closures, IV tubings, filters, administration devices, etc.

Answer 30

Sorption

Question 31

Management of sorption

Answer 31

Check literature | Shorten contact time

Question 32

Volatile liquids turn into vapor or gas (volatilization)

Answer 32

Vaporization

Question 33

Management of vaporization

Answer 33

Store in tight containers | Reduce vapor pressure

Question 34

Management of water loss

Answer 34

Store in tight container Store under correct conditions Add humectants

Question 35

Manifestation of Chemical Incompatibility

Answer 35

1. Precipitation (formation of new compound) 2. Change in color 3. Formation of gas

Question 36

Chemical Incompatibilities

Answer 36

``` Reduction Oxidation Hydrolysis Photodegradation Racemization Epimerization ```

Question 37

Manifests as change in color

Answer 37

Oxidation, photodegradation

Question 38

Most common type of incompatibility, most common mechanism of drug degradation

Answer 38

Hydrolysis

Question 39

Susceptible groups to hydrolysis

Answer 39

Lactams Esters Amides Imines

Question 40

Conversion of one enantiomericallypure mixture to a racemate

Answer 40

Racemization

Question 41

Catecholamines (epinephrine) | Local anesthetics

Answer 41

Racemization

Question 42

Compound that contains two or more chiral centers

Answer 42

Epimers

Question 43

Teyracycline | Pilocarpine

Answer 43

Epimerization

Question 44

Other chemical incompatibilities

Answer 44

Gelatinization Cementation Explosive mixture Effervescence

Question 45

Gel formation

Answer 45

Gelatinization

Question 46

Acacia + iron salts

Answer 46

Gelatinization

Question 47

Cake formation

Answer 47

Cementation

Question 48

Acacia + bismuth salts

Answer 48

Cementation

Question 49

Strong RA + strong OA

Answer 49

Explosive mixture

Question 50

KMnO4+ Sugar/ Glycerin

Answer 50

Explosive mixture

Question 51

NaHCO3 + tartaric/citric acid

Answer 51

Effervescent tablets