Physical Landscapes in the UK Flashcards
(241 cards)
1
Q
weathering
A
breakdown of rocks
2
Q
erosion
A
when rocks are broken down and carried away by something (seawater)
3
Q
mechanical weathering
A
the breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition
4
Q
example of mechanical weathering
A
freeze-thaw weathering
5
Q
explain how freeze-thaw weathering happens
A
- temperature alternates above and below 0°
- water enters rock’s cracks
- freezes and expands, pressure on rock
- thaws and contracts, release pressure
- repeated, widens cracks causes it to break
6
Q
chemical weathering
A
breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition
7
Q
example of chemical weathering
A
carbonation weathering
8
Q
what is carbonation weathering
A
rainwater has carbon dioxide dissolved in it, makes it a weak carbonic acid which reacts with rock that contains calcium carbonate and then rock dissolves
9
Q
mass movement
A
shifting of rocks and lose material down a slope (cliff)
10
Q
how does mass movement occur
A
force of gravity acting on slip is greater than force supporting it
11
Q
what does mass movement cause
A
coasts to retreat rapidly
12
Q
mass movement is more likely to happen when…
A
the material is full of water, makes it heavier
13
Q
scarp
A
steep ‘cut’ in the side of the slope
14
Q
explain the process of mass movement
A
- martial shifts in a straight line along a slide plane
- material rotates alone a curved slip plane
- material breaks up often along bedding planes and falls down a slope
15
Q
fetch
A
distance wind blows over the sea
16
Q
the greater the fetch…
A
the more powerful the wave
17
Q
storm surges
A
temporary sea level rises caused as strong winds push water onshore
18
Q
properties of destructive waves
A
- high frequency, high and steep
- backwash more powerful then their awash, so material is removed
19
Q
properties of constructive waves
A
- low frequency, low and long
- smash is more powerful than their backwash, so material is deposited
20
Q
what are waves that deposit material called
A
constructive waves
21
Q
what are waves that remove material called
A
destructive waves
22
Q
what do destructive waves do
A
remove material
23
Q
what do constructive waves do
A
deposit material
24
Q
backwash
A
water moving down the beach
25
swash
water moving up the beach
26
hydraulic power
- waves crash against rock and compress the air in the cracks
- puts pressure on rock
repeated compression widens cracks and causes bits of rock to break off
27
abrasion
erodes particles in the water scrape and rub against rock, removing small pieces
28
attrition
erodes particles in the water collide, break into smaller pieces and become more rounded
29
suspension
smalls particles like slit and clay are carried along in the water
30
traction
large particles like boulders are pushed along the sea bed by the force of the water
31
saltation
pebble-sized particles are bounced along the sea bed by the force of the water
32
solution
soluble materials (limestone) dissolve in the water and are carried along
33
deposition
dropping of material
34
how does deposition occur
when water carrying sediment loses energy and slows down
35
amount of material that’s deposited on an area of coast is increased when:
- lots of erosion on coast
- lots of material transported into area
36
coasts built up when the amount of deposition is…
greater than the amount of erosion
37
waves follow the direction of… what?
prevailing wind
38
discordant coastlines are made up of…
alternating bands of hard and soft rock at right angles to the coast
39
concordant coastlines are made up of…
alternating bands of hard and soft rock that are parallel to the coast
40
what form when there are alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along a coast
headlands and bays
41
headlands and bays form where there are
alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along a coast
42
to form a bay with a gentle slope…
less resistant rock is eroded faster
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to form a headland with steep sides…
because resistant rock erodes more slowly if juts out
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the resistant rock that makes up headlands often has…
weaknesses like cracks
45
waves crash into headlands and…
enlarge the cracks
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waves crash into headlands and enlarge the cracks mainly by…
hydraulic power and abrasion
47
what causes caves to form
repeated erosion and enlargement of cracks by abrasion and waves
48
repeated erosion and enlargement of cracks by abrasion and waves causes what?
caves to form
49
continued erosion on a rock does what to the cave?
deepens it’s until it breaks through the headland to form an arch
50
how does an arch form
continued erosion that depends cave until it breaks through headland
51
erosion continues to do what to the rock supporting the arch?
wear it away
52
erosion continued to wear away the rock supporting the arch until what happens?
it eventually collapses
53
after rock supporting arch is worn away and eventually collapses what is formed
stack
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what is a stack
an isolated rock that separates from the hand land
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example of a stack
Old Harry in Dorset
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how is a stack formed
rock supporting arch is worn away and eventually collapses
57
waves erode foot of cliffs to form…
wave-cut notch
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what is a wave-cut notch
erosion at the foot of a cliff
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repeated erosion on wave-cut notch causes rock above to…
be unstable and eventually collapse
60
how does the rock above a wave-cut notch eventually collapse?
repeated erosion on wave-cut notch
61
what happens to collapsed rock material above wave-cut notch?
washed away
62
what happens after collapsed rock material above wave-cut notch is washed away?
new wave-cut notch starts to form
63
what happens to repeated erosion and collapsing on material of the cliff?
cliff retreats and leaves a wave-cut platform
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how is a wave-cut platform formed?
repeated erosion on cliff which collapses material and cliff slowly retreats over time
65
beaches are found on coasts between the…
high and low water marks
66
how are beaches formed
by constructive waves depositing material
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sand beaches are created by ___ _____ waves
low energy
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shingle beaches are created by ____ _____ waves
high energy
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sand beaches are…
flat and wide
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shingle beaches are…
steep and narrow
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how are sand beaches created?
sand particles are small so the weak backwash can move them down the beach, created a long, gentle slope
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how are shingle beaches created?
- sand particles are washed away but larger shingle is left behind
- the shingle particles build up to create a steep slope
73
sand particles are small so the weak backwash can move them back down the beach creating a…
long, gentle slope
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sand particles are washed away but larger single is left behind. The shingle particles build up to create a…
steep slope
75
deposited sediment forms:
- beaches
- spits
- bars
- sand dunes
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where are spits formed
at sharp bends in the coastline
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to form a spit longshore drift transports ____ and _______ past the bend and deposits it in the sea
sand and shingle
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strong winds and waves can curve the end of…
the spit
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the spit end can be curved by…
strong winds and waves
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the area behind the spit is __________ from waves
sheltered
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why is the area behind the spit sheltered from waves?
so material accumulates and plants are able to grow
82
over time the sheltered area behind the spit can become…
a mud flat or a salt marsh
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when is a bar formed
when a spit joins two headlands together
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when a spit joins two headlands together, what is formed?
a bar
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when a bar is being formed and the bag between the headlands gets cut off from the sea what can formed behind the bar?
a lagoon
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when can offshore bars form?
if the coast has a gentle slope
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what can form if the coast has a gentle slope?
offshore bars
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when a bar is being formed, friction with the sea bed causes waves to slow down and deposit sediment offshore creating…
a bad that is not connected to the coast
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when are sand dunes formed?
when sand deposited by longshore drift is moved up the beach by wind
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when sand deposited by longshore drift is moved up the beach by wind, what is formed?
sand dunes
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obstacles cause…
wind speed to decrease
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when creating sand dunes obstacles can cause wind speed to decrease so…
sand is deposited and forms little embryo dunes
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what are dune slacks?
small pools
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where can dune slacks form?
in hollows between dunes
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embryo dunes are…
colonised by plants
96
when waves follow direction of prevailing wind they usually hit the coast at an…
oblique angle
97
what is an oblique angle?
any angle that isn’t a right angle
98
when waves hit the coast at an oblique angle the swash carries material…
up the beach in the same direction as the waves
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when waves hit the coast at an oblique angle the swash carries material up the beach in the same direction as the waves and then the backwash then carries the material…
down the beach at right angles and back towards the sea
100
longshore drifts moves material in which way along the coast?
zig zags
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what is the aim of coastal management
to protect people and environment from the impacts of erosion and flooding
102
coastal defences include:
- hard engineering
- soft engineering
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hard engineering
man-made structures built to control the flow of the sea and reduce flooding and erosion
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soft engineering
schemes set up using knowledge of the sea and its processes to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion
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what type of engineering is, schemes set up using knowledge of the sea and its processes to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion?
soft engineering
106
what type of engineering is, man-made structures built to control the flow of the sea and reduce flooding and erosion
hard engineering
107
examples of hard engineering:
- sea wall
- gabions
- rock armour
- groynes
108
examples of soft engineering:
- beach nourishment and reprofiling
- dune regeneration
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what type of engineering is, sea wall
hard engineering
110
what type of engineering is, gabions
hard engineering
111
what type of engineering is, rock armour
hard engineering
112
what type of engineering is, groynes
hard engineering
113
what type of engineering is, beach nourishment and reprofiling
soft engineering
114
what type of engineering is, dune regeneration
soft engineering
115
sea wall
a wall made out of hard material like concrete that reflects waves back to sea
116
what do sea walls do?
reflect water back to sea
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what are sea walls made of?
hard materials like concrete
118
what is a wall made out of hard material like concrete that reflects waves back to sea called?
sea wall
119
positives of a sea wall?
- prevents erosion of the coast
- acts as a barrier to prevent flooding
120
negatives of a sea wall?
- expensive to build and maintain
- created strong backwash that eroded under the wall
121
gabions
a wall of wire cages filled with rocks, usually built at the foot of cliffs
122
what is a wall of wire cages filled with rocks, usually built at the foot of cliffs called?
gabions
123
in gabions what are the wall of cages filled with?
rocks
124
where are gabions normally built?
at foot of cliffs
125
positives of gabions:
- absorb wave energy, so reduce erosion
- cheap and easy to build
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negatives of gabions:
- ugly
- wire cages corrode over time
127
rock armour
piled up boulders along the coast
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what is piled up boulders along the coast called?
rock armour
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in rock armour what are piled up along the coast?
boulders
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in rock armour what happens to the rocks along the coast?
piled up
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positives of rock armour:
- absorbs wave energy, so reduces erosion and flooding
- cheap
132
negatives of rock armour:
boulders can be moved around by strong waves to need to be replaced
133
groynes
wooden or stone fences that trap material transported by longshore drift and are built at right angles to the coast
134
what is a wooden or stone fences that trap material transported by longshore drift and are built at right angles to the coast called?
groynes
135
groynes are fences made of what?
wood or stone
136
in groynes what do they use wood and stone for?
to make fences
137
i’m groynes what angle are the fences built in?
right angles
138
positives of groynes:
- create wider beaches which slow the waves, greater protection from flooding and erosion
- cheap
139
negatives of groynes:
- starve beaches of sand further down the coast making them narrower, which don’t protect coast very well and lead to greater erosion
140
beach nourishment and reprofiling
sand and shingle from seabed or lower down the beach is added to upper parts of beach
141
beach nourishment and reprofiling is the use of what materials?
sand and shingle
142
beach nourishment and reprofiling is getting materials from where
seabed
143
positives of beach nourishment and reprofiling:
creates wider beaches which slow the waves, greater protecting from flooding and erosion
144
negatives of beach nourishment and reprofiling:
- taking materials from seabed can kill organisms like corals
- very expensive
- has to be repeated
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in beach nourishment and reprofiling taking materials from seabed can kill what organisms
sponges and corals
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what is sand and shingle from seabed or lower down the beach is added to upper parts of beach called?
beach nourishment and reprofiling
147
dune regeneration
creating or restoring sand dunes by nourishment or by planting vegetation to stabilise the sand
148
what is creating or restoring sand dunes by nourishment or by planting vegetation to stabilise the sand called?
dune regeneration
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dune regeneration is creating or restoring sand dunes by nourishment or by…
planting vegetation to stabilise the sand
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in dune regeneration why does we plant vegetation?
to stabilise the sand
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positives of dune regeneration:
- dunes create a barrier between land and sea and absorb wave energy, preventing flooding and erosion
- stabilisation is cheap
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negatives of dune regeneration:
- protection is limited to a small area
- nourishment is very expensive
153
managed retreat
removing current defences and allowing the sea to flood the land behind overtime land will become a marshland
154
by using managed retreat what will the land eventually become?
marshland
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magnates retreat involves allowing the sea to do what?
flood the land behind
156
positives of managed retreat:
- cheap
- easy
- doesn’t need maintaining
- marshland creates new habitats for plants and animals
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negatives of managed retreat:
flooding farmland affects livelihood of farmers and saltwater has negative effects on existing ecosystems
158
glaciers
masses of ice that fill valleys and hollows
159
what do glaciers dow as they slowly make their way downhill?
erode the landscape and drop all of stuff behind them as they go
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what makes glaciers move downhill?
their weight
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some glaciers have a thin layer of _________
meltwater
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some glaciers have a thin layer of meltwater which accumulated _______ ___ ___
beneath the ice
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some glaciers have a thin layer of meltwater which accumulated beneath the ice and acts as a __________
lubricant
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some glaciers have a thin layer of meltwater which accumulated beneath the ice and acts as a lubricant which helps glaciers ____
move
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some glaciers have a thin layer of meltwater which accumulated beneath the ice and acts as a lubricant which helps glaciers move. what is this process called?
basal sliding
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what is basal sliding?
thin layer of meltwater under the glacier ice which acts as a lubricant and makes it move
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plucking
- meltwater at the base, back or sides of a glacier freezes onto rock
- as glacier moves forward it pulls out pieces of rock
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what is meltwater at the base, back or sides of a glacier freezes onto rock and as glacier moves forward it pulls out pieces of rock called?
plucking
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at the top end of the glacier which was does the ice not move?
straight line
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at the top end of the glacier which was does the ice move?
circular motion
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at the top end of the glacier the ice moves in a circular motion called what?
rotational slip
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what is rotational slip?
at the top end of the glacier the ice moves in a circular motion
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what can rotational slip do?
erode hollows in the landscape and deepen them into bowl shapes
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what can erode hollows in the landscape and deepen them into bowl shapes?
rotational slip
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the rock above glaciers is also broken down by…
freeze-thaw weathering
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glaciers move ________
material
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what materials do glaciers move?
sand, clay, rocks
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glaciers move material over a ____ ______ distance
very large
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glaciers move material over a very large __________
distance
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what is the movement of material of a large distance by glaciers called?
transportation
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transportation
movement of material of a large distance by glaciers
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till
unsorted mixture of material
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what is the unsorted mixture of material called?
till
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transported material is…
- frozen in the glaciers
- carried on its surface
- pushed in front of it
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bulldozing
when glaciers push loose material ahead of them
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what’s it called when glaciers push loose material ahead of them?
bulldozing
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what happened if a glacier is overloaded with material
the material is deposited on the valley floor
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when a glacier is overloaded with material it deposits it on the valley floor forming landforms such as…
- moraines
- drumlins
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what are most glacial deposits not sorted in
size and weight (instead they are mixed)
190
sand and gravel can get washed away from the front of the glacier by small…
meltwater streams
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meltwater streams
streams that sort material by size and deposit it in layers in front of glaciers
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what are streams that sort material by size and deposit it in layers in front of glaciers called?
meltwater streams
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in meltwater streams the material is deposited in layers called what?
outwash
194
outwash
the layers that material in meltwater streams are deposited into
195
most landscapes in the upland UK area have been…
affected by ice
196
arête
narrow, steep-sided ridge formed when two glaciers flow in parallel valleys
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what is a narrow, steep-sided ridge formed when two glaciers flow in parallel valleys called?
arête
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in an arête the glaciers erode what?
sides of the valley which sharpens the ridge between them and giving it a jagged profile
199
pyramidal peak
a pointed mountain peak with at least three sides
200
what is a pointed mountain peak with at least three sides called?
pyramidal peak
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how is a pyramidal peak formed?
when three or more back-to-back glaciers erode a mountain
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when three or more back-to-back glaciers erode a mountain, what do they form?
pyramidal peak
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a pyramidal peak is formed when three or more back-to-back glaciers erode a ________
mountain
204
truncated spurs
cliff-like edges on the valley side
205
what are cliff-like edges on the valley side called?
truncated spurs
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how are truncated spurs formed?
when ridges of land that stick out into the main valley are cut off as the glacier moves past
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when ridges of land that stick out into the main valley are cut off as the glacier moves past, what forms?
truncated spurs
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truncated spurs are cliff-like _____ on the valley side
edges
209
hanging valleys
valleys formed by small tributary glaciers that flow into a main glacier
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what are valleys formed by small tributary glaciers that flow into a main glacier called?
hanging valleys
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how is a hanging valley formed?
glacial tough of larger glacier is eroded much more deeply, when glacier melts the tributary glacier’s valleys are left at a higher level
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hanging valleys are valleys formed by small ________ glaciers that flow into a main glacier
tributary
213
glacial trough
steep-sided valley with flat floors
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what is a steep-sided valley with flat floors
glacial trough
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glacial troughs are steep-sided valley with flat ______
floors
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how are glacial troughs formed?
start as v shaped valley turn into u shaped as glacier erodes the sides and floor, makes it seller and wider
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ribbon lakes
long thin lakes
218
what are long think lakes called?
ribbon lakes
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ribbon lakes are long ____ lakes
thin
220
where do ribbon lakes form?
in hollows where softer rock was eroded more than the surrounding hard rock
221
corries
hollows containing a small glacier
222
what are hollows containing a small glacier called?
corries
223
what happens as rotational slip takes place on a corrie?
erodes into a steep-sided armchair shape with a lil at bottom, ice melts it leaves a lake
224
moraines
landforms made out of till deposited by a melting glacier
225
what are landforms made out of till deposited by a melting glacier called?
moraines
226
what are the four different types of moraines?
- lateral
- medial
- ground
- terminal
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lateral moraine
long mound of material deposited where the side of a glacier was
228
what is a long mound of material deposited where the side of a glacier was called?
lateral moraine
229
medial moraine
long ride of material deposited along the canter of a valley floor
230
what is a long ride of material deposited along the canter of a valley floor called?
medial moraine
231
ground moraine
eroded material that was dragged along the base of a glacier
232
what is eroded material that was dragged along the base of a glacier called?
ground moraine
233
drumlins
elongated hills
234
what are elongated hills called?
drumlins
235
how are drumlins formed?
when overloaded or melting glaciers deposit material, material builds up overtime forming hills under glaciers
236
erratics
rock that have been picked up by a glacier, carried along and dropped in an area that has a completely different rock type
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what is rock that have been picked up by a glacier, carried along and dropped in an area that has a completely different rock type called?
erratics
238
uses of glaciated areas:
- farming
- quarrying (mining)
- forestry
- tourism
239
why is sheep farming common in upland glacial areas
because steep slopes and poor soils make it unsuitable for most other farming
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how can tourists cause conflict in glacial landscapes?
disrupt farming by damaging property, scaring sheep, leaving gates open, trampling crops
241
how can quarrying cause conflict in glacial landscapes?
- causes noise by movement of trucks and noise of quarry
- look ugly so less tourists are attracted
