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AFOQT > Physical Science > Flashcards

Physical Science Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

An ______ is the smallest particle of an element that is still identifiable as part of that element.

A

Atom

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2
Q

An atom is made up of several subatomic particles. The three most important are:

A

Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons

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3
Q

Protons have a negative or positive charge?

A

Positive charge

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4
Q

What kind of charge do Electrons have?

A

Negative Charge

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5
Q

What kind of charge do Neutrons have?

A

Neutrons are neutral

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6
Q

Electrons orbit the nucleus in increasing energy levels called ______?

A

Shells

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7
Q

The _________________ is a chart that arranges the chemical elements in an easy-to-understand way.

A

Periodic Table of Elements

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8
Q

When two or more atoms join together they form a _________.

A

Molecule

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9
Q

A _________ is made by combining two or more different elements.

A

Compound

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10
Q

In a _______ ____, atoms share electrons.

A

Covalent Bond

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11
Q

In a ________ _____, two ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other and bind together.

A

Ionic Bond

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12
Q

A _________ consists of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded.

A

mixture

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13
Q

A uniform, or homogeneous, mixture of different molecules is called a _________.

A

solution

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14
Q

If the solution is a liquid, the material being dissolved is the ________, and the liquid it is being dissolved in is called the ________.

A

Solute, Solvent

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15
Q

The physical states of matter are generally grouped into ____ main states?

A

Three

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16
Q

What are the three main states of matter?

A

Solid, Liquid, and Gas

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17
Q

_______ are rigid; they maintain their shape and have strong inter-molecular forces.

A

Solid

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18
Q

_______ cannot maintain their shape; they conform to their containers but contain forces strong enough to keep molecules from dispersing into spaces.

A

Liquids

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19
Q

______ have indefinite shape; they disperse rapidly through space due to random movement of particles and are able to occupy any volume. They are held together by weak forces.

A

Gases

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20
Q

Changes in what two things cause matter to change states?

A

Pressure and Temperature

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21
Q

When a solid changes to a liquid, what is that called?

A

Melting

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22
Q

When a liquid changes to a solid, what is that called?

A

Freezing

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23
Q

When a liquid changes to a gas, what is that called?

A

Evaporation

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24
Q

When a gas changes to a liquid, what is that called?

A

Condensation

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25
When a solid changes to a gas, what is that called?
Sublimation
26
When a gas changes to a solid, what is that called?
Deposition
27
A _________ ________ occurs when there is a conversion of one set of chemical substances to another set.
Chemical reaction
28
In a chemical reaction, the starting substances are called the _________.
Reagents or Reactants
29
In a chemical reaction, the ending substances are called the ________.
Products
30
An ____ can be defined as a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H +) in solution.
Acid
31
A ____ produces hydroxide ions (OH -)
Base
32
Common characteristics of acidic solutions are:
- They have a sour taste - React strongly to metals - pH between 0 - 7 - Examples are orange juice and vinegar
33
Common characteristics of bases are:
- Taste bitter - Slippery texture - pH between 7 - 14
34
A neutral solution, which has the same concentration of | hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, have a pH of ___?
7
35
Name 4 acids according to the pH scale?
1. Upset stomach acid 2. sodas 3. coffee 4. Lemons
36
Name 4 bases according to the pH scale?
1. Bleach 2. Baking soda 3. Eggs 4. Sea Water
37
A ______ is any solution that exhibits very little change in its pH when small amounts of an acid or base are added to it.
Buffer
38
Name 4 neutral solutions according to the pH scale?
1. Pure Water 2. Milk 3. Human Saliva 4. Blood
39
________ are measurements that have a quantity but no direction.
Scalars
40
In contract to Scalars, ______ have both quantity and direction.
Vectors
41
_______ is a scalar: it describes how far an object has traveled along a path.
Distance
42
____________ is a vector: it describes how far an object has traveled from its starting position.
Displacement
43
_____ describes how quickly something is moving.
Speed
44
________ is the rate at which an object changes position.
Velocity
45
____________ is how quickly an object changes velocity.
Acceleration
46
A push or pull that causes an object to move or change direction is called ______.
Force
47
________ is the attraction of one mass to another mass.
Gravity
48
An object that is at rest or moving with a constant speed has a net force of zero, meaning all the forces acting on it cancel each other out. Such an object is said to at _______________.
Equilibrium
49
Explain Newton's First Law of motion:
An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion, unless acted on by a force.
50
Explain Newton's Second Law of motion:
Force is equal to the mass of an object multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma)
51
Explain Newton's Third Law of motion:
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
52
What are 3 examples of simple machines?
1. Lever 2. Inclined Plane 3. Wedge
53
_______ occurs when motion is impeded because one object is rubbing against another object.
Friction
54
_______ is the force caused by pulling an object or hanging an object a rope.
Tension
55
______ is the capacity of an object to work. In other words, it is the capacity of an object to cause some movement of change.
Energy
56
What are the two types of energy?
Kinetic and Potential energy
57
_______ energy is the energy possessed by objects in motion.
Kinetic
58
_________ energy is possessed by objects that have the potential to be in motion due to their position.
Potential Explanation: A book held 10 feet off the ground has more potential energy than a book held 5 feet off the ground, because it has the potential to fall farther (i.e., to do more work).
59
What are the different types of potential energy?
1. Gravitational Potential Energy 2. Electric Potential Energy 3. Elastic Potential Energy 4. Chemical Potential Energy
60
__________ is the special name given to the kinetic energy of all the atoms or molecules in a substance.
Temperature Explanation: While it may not look like an substance is not in motion, in fact, its atoms are constantly spinning and vibrating.
61
_____ is the movement of energy from one substance to another.
Heat
62
What are three ways heat energy can be transferred?
1. Radiation 2. Convection 3. Conduction
63
__________ does not need a medium; the sun radiates energy to the earth through the vacuum of space.
Radiation
64
__________ occurs when two substances are in contact with each other.
Conduction Example: When a pan is placed on a hot stove, the heat energy is conducted from the stove to the pan and then the food in the pan.
65
____________ transfers energy through circular movement of air or liquids.
Convection Example: A convection oven transfers heat through circular movement caused by hot air rising and cold air sinking
66
Energy can also be transferred through ______, which are repeating pulses of energy.
waves
67
Waves that travel through a medium, like ripples on a pond or compressions in a Slinky, are called ___________ waves.
Mechanical
68
Waves that vibrate up and down (like ripples on a pond) are _______ waves.
transverse
69
Waves that travel through compression (like the Slinky) are ___________ waves.
Longitudinal
70
A wave's highest highest point is called its _______.
Crest
71
A wave's lowest point is called its _______.
trough
72
A wave's midline is halfway between the crest and trough; the _________ describes the distance between the midline and the crest (trough).
Amplitude
73
A wave's _______ is the time it takes for a wave to go through one complete cycle.
period
74
The number of cycles a wave goes through in a specific period of time is its __________.
frequency
75
_______ is a special type of longitudinal wave created by vibrations.
Sound
76
The frequency, or rate, of the vibration determines the sound's ______.
Pitch
77
________ depends on the amplitude, or height, of a sound wave.
Loudness
78
The ___________ is the difference in perceived pitch caused by the motion of the object creating the wave.
Doppler Effect
79
___________ waves are composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and thus do not require medium to travel through.
Electromagnetic
80
The study of light is called _______.
optics
81
Light can _____, or bend, when it travels through substances such as water.
refract
82
Materials that conduct electrons well are called __________.
Conductors
83
Materials that do not conduct electrons well are __________.
Insulators
84
___________ is the movement of electrons through a conductor.
Electricity
85
What are 3 substances that are used to produce Permanent Magnets?
1. Iron 2. Nickel 3. Cobalt
86
________ and _______ are small rocky or icy objects that orbit the sun.
Asteroids and comets
87
________ consists of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity.
Galaxies
88
______ are hot balls of plasma and gases.
Stars
89
A ______ eclipse occurs when Earth lines up between the moon and the sun; the moon moves into the shadow of Earth and appears dark in color.
Lunar
90
A _____ eclipse occurs when the moon lines up between earth and the sun, the moon covers the sun, blocking sunlight.
Solar
91
_______ is the study of the minerals and rocks that make up the earth.
Geology
92
A _______ is a naturally occurring, solid, inorganic substance with a crystalline structure.
mineral
93
What are the three types of rocks?
1. Igneous 2. Sedimentary 3. Metamorphic
94
_______ rocks are the result of tectonic processes that bring magma, or melted rock, to the earth's surface.
Igneous
95
__________ rocks are formed from the compaction of rock fragments that results from weathering erosion.
Sedimentary
96
___________ rocks form when extreme temperature and pressure cause the structure of pre-exisitng to rocks to change.
Metamorphic
97
__________ is the mechanical and/or chemical processes by which rocks break down.
Weathering
98
____________, the study of the history of life on Earth is sometimes also considered part of geology.
Paleontology

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