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Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What are SI units

A

Standard units of measurements

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2
Q

What are the SI units for: distance, time, Force, energy, speed, acceleration, current, potential difference,mass and power

A

Distance-m
Time-s
force-n
energy-j
speed-m/s
acceleration-m/s squared
current-A(Ampere)
Potential diffrence(Voltage)-V
mass-kg
power-W(watt)

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3
Q

Convert 6.85 GigaJoules (GJ) to
a. Joules (J)
b. Millijoules (mJ)
c. TerraJoules (TJ)

A

a-6,850,000,000 6.85 x 10 (9)
b-6,850,000,000,000 6.85 x 10 (12)
c-0.00685 6.85 x 10 (-3)

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4
Q

Convert 1 000 000 500 nanometers to:
a. Millimeters
b. Gigametres
c. Micrometers
d. Terrameters

A

a-1,000.0005
b-1.0000005 x 10 (-9)
c-1,000,000.5
d-1.0000005 x 10 (-15)

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5
Q

Rearrange the equation for calculating speed to make distance the subject.

A

Distance=speed x time

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6
Q

Rearrange the equation for GPE to make height the subject.

A

GPE/mg

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7
Q

Rearrange the equation for kinetic energy to make velocity, v the subject.

A

______
v/KE divided by 1/2m

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8
Q

What is energy?

A

the ability to do work

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9
Q

What is work?

A

Process of transferring energy from one object to another

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10
Q

What is the 1st Law of thermodynamics?

A

energy cant be cerated or destroyed only transferred

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11
Q

What are the 8 energy stores? Give an example of each store.

A

Chemical-fuel,food,battery
Kinetic-moving objects
Gravitational potential-objects above ground
Elastic-Objects stretched or squashed
thermal-hot objects
magnetic-magnets
electrostatc-electric charges repelling or attracting
nuclear-radioactive decay

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12
Q

Describe the changes in energy store as a tennis ball is stopped by the net.

A

When the ball is movin in the air it has kinetic and gravtaional energy
Kinetic energy transferred to elastic potential as it hits the net

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13
Q

How can the amount of energy in objects at height be calculated?

A

GPE/mg

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14
Q

Calculate the GPE of an object on Earth (g=10 N/Kg) with a mass of 500g at a height of 7 metres.

A

35

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15
Q

How can the amount of energy stored in moving objects be calculated?

A

KE=1/2m velocity squared

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16
Q

Calculate the amount of energy stored in a 50g cricket ball travelling at a speed of 6 metres per second, m/s.

A

0.09

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17
Q

What is meant by dissipated energy?

A

wasted energy

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18
Q

What is efficiency? How is it calculated?

A

How good a machine is at transferring energy into useful forms
useful energy/total energy supplied

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19
Q

Calculate the efficiency of a kettle where 20 000J of energy is supplied of which 9000J is usefully transferred to the water.

A

45%

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20
Q

.What are the 4 ways energy can be transferred?

A

mechanically
electrically
thermally
radiation

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21
Q

What are the three ways heat can transfer energy?

A

Conduction
convection
Radiation

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22
Q

.How can the efficiency of buildings be increased?

A

tHicker walls
cavity wall insulation fills gaps and prevents air flow
double panned windows

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23
Q

Explain how cavity wall insulation prevents conduction and convection?

A

prevents conduction using low thermal conductivity materiasl
reduces convection by restricting air movement within the cavity

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24
Q

.Explain how a thermos flask works.

A

Using a vaccum layer inbetween two walls to reduce heat transfer
the inner wall made of materials that reflect heat back into liquid and the outer wall is is insulated
The vaccum inbetween eliminates air reducing condection and convection.The falsk may have reflective coating on inner surface t o reduce radiation .

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25
.Explain how the efficiency of moving parts in machines can be increased.
Lubrication using apporopriate materials
26
.Sources of energy can be renewable or non-renewable. Explain what this means using examples.
Non renewable-sources that will run out eventually e.g-coal Renewable-sources that wont run out e.g Solar
27
List the advantages and disadvantages of using wind, solar and hydroelectric sources of energy.
Wind-Low operanational cost once built BUT lead. o noise pollution Solar-installed on roof tops not taking up land HOWEVER limited to daylight hours Hydroelectric-available at nay time+ stopped and started at any time BUTdisrupt ecosystems ,communities and wild life
28
What is energy? What are the 8 energy stores?
the ability to do work Kinetic,chemical,thermal,nuclear, magnetic,electrostatic,gravitational potetial elastic
29
What are the 4 ways energy can be transferred?
Chemically,electrically,thermally+radiation
30
What is a force?
Push or pull acting on an object come in pairs effect:direction,shape,speed,rotation
31
Name 3 non-contact forces. Name 5 contact forces.
Non contact-Gravity,Magnetism,Electrostatic Contact-Air resistance,Friction,Normal contact,tension,water resistance
32
Forces are vector quantities. What does this mean?
Has magnitude and direction
33
Make a table with two columns with headings scalar and vector. Place the following measurements in the correct column: displacement, distance, velocity, speed, acceleration, force, weight, mass, momentum and energy.
Scalar-Distance,Speed,Energy,Mass Vector-Displacement,acceleration,Force,Weight,Momentum
34
What is velocity?
Speed of na object in certain direction
35
What is speed? How can it be calculated?
Distance you can travel in certain time Distance/Time
36
How would you use a velocity time graph to calculate the distance travelled by the car?
The area under the gradient
37
What equations can be used to calculate acceleration
Change in velocity/time taken Force/mass v(squared)-u(squared)/2s
38
3. How could you determine the acceleration using a velocity time graph?
Gradient of the line
39
What is Newton’s 1st Law?
Object has constant velocity unless acted upon by resultant force
40
What is Newton’s 1st Law? Use this to describe the resultant forces acting when a car is stopped, accelerating, driving at a steady speed, slowing down
Stopped -resultant force zero and the forces acted upon it are balanced accelerating-resulatant force + and directed forward Steady speed-resultant force zero and the car is at constat veolcity as forces are balanced slowing down-Resulatnt force -and directed in opposite direction
41
1. What is Newton’s 2nd Law? What equation represents it?
when resultant force acts on a mass then there will be change in its velocity force=mass x acceleration
42
Calculate the force needed to make a 2000kg truck accelerate by 5 m/s2 How is this related to weight = mass x gravitational field?
10,000N The force needed to acclerate the truck is independent of its weight but calculated using same principle
43
Why are objects in orbit at a steady speed still accelerating?
Objects in orbit accelerate becuas ethe velocity constantly changes due to the change in direction.
44
What is circular motion and centripetal force?
Circular motion-movement of an object along circular path Centripetal force-Firce acting inwards along the radius of the circle .Object moves right angles to this force
45
What is inertial mass?
Measure of abject resistance to acceleration when force is applied
46
What is Newton’s 3rd Law? Give an example.
Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force Book on table: weight of book on table =reaction force on book by table
47
What is momentum? How is it calculated? What are the units?
Quantity of motion an object possesses mass x velocity kgms-1
48
Give examples of conservation of momentum in collisions.
total momentum before=total momentum after If one marble has 1kgm/s and the other has 2kgm/s after they collide itll be 3kgm/s
49
What is the equation linking momentum and Newton’s 2nd Law?
Change in momentum/time (mv-mu)/t
50
List all the factors affecting thinking and braking distance.
Thinking distance increases -driver tired,distracted,has taken alcohol or drugs Braking distance increases-Friction between car and road decreases,road icy or wet,brakes or tyres wor out,mass of car is bigger
51
Why are large decelerations dangerous on roads?
increase stopping distance ,increased risk of losing control,injury risk to passengers,
52
What is energy?
the ability to do work
53
What are the 8 energy stores?
Kinetic,magnetic,chemical,thermal elastic potential gravitational potential nuclear electrostatic
54
What are the 4 ways energy can be transferred?
Mechanically electrically thermally radiation
55
What do waves do?
Transfer energy and information without transferring matter
56
What are the two types of wave? Give several examples of each type
Longitudinal-sound waves,seismic P waves,Ultra sound transverse-EM waves,seismic S waves,
57
Why do boats (in the harbour), bob up and down on water as waves pass?
Creates a change in water level causing the boat to rise as the wave passes underneath.As the wave moves a way the level decreases so the boat goes back to original position RESPOND TO THE ENERGY AND MOVEMENT OF WAVES PASSING BENEATH THEM
58
What is meant by frequency and wavelength?
Frequency-The number of waves passing a point each second(Hertz) Wavelength-distance between one crest/trough and thenext crest/trough
59
What is meant by the terms: amplitude, period, and wavefront?
Amplitude-distance between equilibrium and the peak/crest Period-time taken for one complete wave to pass wavefront-Imaginary line that shows all the points on a wave in the same position as each other after give number of wavelengths
60
Write the two equations that can be used to calculate wave speed.
speed=distance/time velocity=frequency x wavelength
61
Calculate the speed of a wave with a wavelength of 6 x 10-6 m and a frequency of 233 Hz.
1.398 x 10 -3 m/s
62
Describe how you could measure the speed of sound in air by experiment.
Using and echo: measure distance from source of sound to the reflecting surface,Measure the time between the OG sound and the echo heard using s=d/t (remeber to double distance)
63
Describe how you could measure the speed the waves through water.How could a digital camera increase the accuracy of this experiment?
Set power supply to vibrate paddle measure the wavelength of wave with ruler next to images on screen and take apicture with a camera measure the frequency count the number of waves tthat pass a point in tenseconds and divide by 10 using the caculation velocity=frequency x wavelength you'll get the speed use slow motion to count more acurately and take picture of distance for more acurate
64
What 4 things can happen when waves meet a boundary?
Reflected Refracted absorbed transmitted
65
What is refraction?
change of direction and speed of a awave when it hits a boundary between two materilas and crosses it
66
When light enters more dense medium it what when it eneters a lless medium it whats
refracted toward the normal-fast to slow refracted away from normal,slow to fast
67
Describe an experiment to investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction.
place a glass block on piece of paper and place a light source at vairious angles to measure the angle of incidence using a protartactor to measure the angle of refraction9where the light exits from) and plot a graph to analyse data
68
What do waves do?
transfer energy and information without transferring matter
69
2 types of waves define them
longitudinal- vibrations parrallel to direction of energy transfer and transverse-vibrations perpendicular to direction of energy transfer
70
What type of waves are light waves?
Transverse
71
72
What do electromagnetic waves have in common?
All travel at same speed in a vaccum Transfer energy transverse waves
73
They are the groups of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum in order decreasing wavelength
Radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays visible light ultraviolet x-rays gamma rays
74
How does wavelength affect the risks of harm from electromagnetic wave?
The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency
75
Which electromagnetic waves are potentially harmful?
x-rays ultraviolet gamma
76
What what damage can gamma x-rays and UV rays cause?
77
Give examples of each type of electromagnetic wave being useful.
radio waves-radio/Tv transmissions Microwaves-mobile phones,satellite Infrared-remote controls,night vision Light-seeing endoscopes and fibre optic communication UV-security markings sun bed Xrays-security scanners medical scanners gamma-sterilise things
78
What is energy?
the ability to do work
79
What are the 8 energy stores?
Kinetic,chemical ,thermal,nuclear, magnetic,electrostatic,gravitational potetial elastic
80
What are the 4 ways energy can be transferred?
mechanically thermally radiation electrically
81
Which energy store relates to the nucleus of an atom?
nuclear
82
What are the 3 subatomic particles?
proton neutron electron
83
What are their relative charges and masses?
mass charge p 1 1+ N 1 0 E 1/1835. 1-
84
describe the current model of the atom.
mostly empty space nucleus-p and n electrons on electrons shell s oebiting most the mass in nucleus
85
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the sam eelement with same number od protons but dif no of neutrons
86
Where are electrons found?
On electron shells orbiting the nucleus
87
What is the electron configuration of Fluorine?
2,7
88
.If electromagnetic radiation is absorbed, what happens to electrons?
electron moves to higher orbit
89
How are positive ions formed?
when atoms lose electron
90
How are negative ions formed?
atom gains electrons
91
Name the 5 types of radiation that can be emitted when an atom randomly decays
Beta - beta+ alpha gamma neutron
92
What is meant by ionizing radiation?
radiation that causes ions to escape
93
Which types of radiation from atoms are ionizing?
alpha beta gamma neutrons
94
What is background radiation?
ionising radiation at a low level from space and enviroment from natrually radioactive substances in enviroment
95
What are the main sources of it?
Rdaon gas Food medical Cosmic rays
96
How can radioactivity be measured and detected?
photographic film Gm tube count rate (number of clicks per second or minute
97
Compare the structure of alpha, beta and gamma radiation? Which are the most ionising? Which is the most penetrating?
alpha-2 p 2 n. 2+ beta- 1- or 1+ gamma-no charge or relative mass Most ionisngalpha but less penetrating gamma least ionisng but most penetrations
98
Describe the alpha particle scattering experiment and how this led to changing our model of the atom
Alpha particles passed through gold foil most passed some bounced backa nd some deflected Showed there was empty space nucleus was positive
99
Compare the processes of beta minus and beta plus decay.
beta minus- neutron becomes proton and electron adn the atomic number increases by 1 Beta positive-proton becomes neutron and positron atomic number decreases by 1
100
Carbon 14 undergoes alpha decay. How is its mass and atomic number affected? How would this this be different if Carbon 14 underwent beta minus decay?
Alpha-atomic number - 4 mass 10 beta-mass 14. atomic 7
101
. Describe how the activity of a radioactive source changes over time
decreases over time
102
What is meant by half-life?
Time taken for half the unstable nuclei of a radioactive isotope to decay
103
half-life. How can it be measured / calculated?
bequerels time taken for activity to half
104
. Describe the dangers of ionizing radiations. What precautions can be taken to minimize this risk?
Can cause mutations tissue damage like radiation burns may cause cancer Sources handeled with tong s( safe dstance) lead conatiners not pointing sources at ppl Minimise time with source
105
What is the difference between contamination and irradiation? What harm can be caused by each of them?
Contamination-If person or object gets particles of radioactive materila on skin or surface or inside body.Stays inside of them until removed or deacyed being constantly exposed to radiation harm wildlife,make resources harmful to use Irradiation-ppl exposed to radiation from nearby radioactive materials.Onec they move away it stops damage tissues and damge food quality

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