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physics Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Define what the word ‘force’ means

A

A push or pull on an object

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2
Q

List examples of force

A
  • Gravity
  • Friction
  • Tension
  • Normal force
  • Applied force
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3
Q

Describe the effects that forces can have on objects

A
  • Change in motion
  • Change in shape
  • Change in direction
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4
Q

State the unit of force

A

Newton (N)

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5
Q

Use a Newton meter to determine the size of forces

A

A Newton meter measures force in Newtons

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6
Q

Label diagrams using arrows to represent forces and their size

A

Arrows indicate direction and length represents magnitude

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7
Q

Understand that the size of forces can be represented by the length of the arrow

A

Longer arrows represent greater forces

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8
Q

Calculate the size and direction of a number of forces acting on an object: resultant force (no vectors required)

A

Resultant force is the sum of all forces acting on an object

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9
Q

Know what a free body diagram is and the rules for drawing one

A

A diagram showing all forces acting on an object

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10
Q

Explain the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces

A
  • Balanced forces do not change motion
  • Unbalanced forces cause acceleration
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11
Q

Understand Newton’s First Law of Motion

A

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by a net force

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12
Q

List the ways forces can change the motion of an object

A
  • Start moving
  • Stop moving
  • Change speed
  • Change direction
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13
Q

Understand and apply Newton’s Second Law of Motion (including F=ma calculations)

A

Force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma)

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14
Q

Calculate the speed of an object

A

Speed = distance / time

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15
Q

Draw a distance-time graph

A

Graph with distance on the y-axis and time on the x-axis

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16
Q

Understand how to calculate a gradient and relate it to a physical quantity

A

Gradient = rise/run; relates to speed in distance-time graphs

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17
Q

Interpret distance-time graphs

A

Slopes indicate speed; flat lines indicate rest

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18
Q

Predict the shape of a distance-time graph after observing movement of an object

A

Curved lines indicate acceleration or deceleration

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19
Q

Classify forces as contact or non-contact

A
  • Contact forces require touch
  • Non-contact forces act at a distance
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20
Q

Define the term ‘magnetic field’

A

The region around a magnet where magnetic forces can be detected

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21
Q

List which materials are magnetic

A
  • Iron
  • Nickel
  • Cobalt
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22
Q

Explain how orientation and distance between magnets affect the forces between them

A

Closer magnets exert stronger forces; orientation affects attraction or repulsion

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23
Q

Know that the Earth has a magnetic field and that a compass can be used to navigate it

A

A compass aligns with Earth’s magnetic field

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24
Q

Draw field lines around a single magnet and label the ends

A

Field lines point from North to South

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25
Draw field lines around 2 magnets with N and N ends together and N and S ends together
N-N repels; N-S attracts
26
Show the direction of the magnetic field around a bar magnet using a compass
Compass needle points from North to South
27
Describe ways of making a magnet
* Rubbing a magnet on a metal * Using electric current
28
Describe ways of destroying a magnet
* Heating * Hammering * Dropping
29
Define mass, weight and gravitational field
* Mass: amount of matter * Weight: force due to gravity * Gravitational field: force per unit mass
30
State the units for mass and weight
* Mass: kilograms (kg) * Weight: Newtons (N)
31
Calculate weight using mass and g on Earth
Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (g)
32
Apply the equation (w=mg) to different values of g and rearrange if needed
Use w=mg to find weight with different g values
33
Compare and contrast two types of force
* Contact vs Non-contact: Contact forces require touch, while non-contact forces act at a distance
34
Label an atom in terms of positive and negative charges
Protons are positive, electrons are negative
35
Explain how something becomes charged by friction (transfer of electrons)
Electrons move from one object to another, creating charge imbalance
36
Determine the overall charge of an object (when told how many positive and negative charges are present)
Overall charge = total positive charges - total negative charges
37
Explore the dangers of static electricity limited to lightning strikes and electric shocks
Static electricity can cause fires and injuries
38
Describe what circuit diagram symbols represent
* Cell: long and short lines * Resistor: zigzag line * Ammeter: circle with 'A'
39
Build a circuit based on a circuit diagram
Connect components as shown in the diagram
40
Draw circuit diagrams using conventional circuit symbols
Use standard symbols for components
41
Understand that cells provide energy to components in an electric circuit
Cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy
42
Recall that many cells form a battery
A battery is multiple cells connected together
43
Define what the word 'current' means
Flow of electric charge
44
Describe how electric current flows around series circuits
Current is the same at all points in a series circuit
45
Create an analogy for a series circuit
Water flowing through a single pipe
46
Recall that an ammeter is used to measure electric current, in amps
An ammeter measures current in amperes (A)
47
Define what the words 'potential difference' and 'voltage' mean
Potential difference is the energy per unit charge
48
Recall that a voltmeter is used to measure pd/voltage, in volts
A voltmeter measures voltage in volts (V)
49
Understand how an ammeter and voltmeter are connected in a circuit
* Ammeter: in series * Voltmeter: in parallel
50
Describe how electric current flows around parallel circuits
Current splits between branches in parallel circuits
51
Create an analogy for a parallel circuit
Water flowing through multiple pipes
52
Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages for different circuit analogies (e.g. bread from a baker, water flow)
Analogies help visualize circuits but can oversimplify
53
Define what the word 'resistance' means
Opposition to the flow of electric current
54
Explain the relationship between voltage, current and resistance (not including any calculations)
Higher voltage means higher current if resistance is constant
55
Explore a range of resistors (fixed, variable, LDR, thermistor) and their effect on current and pd in series circuits
* Fixed: constant resistance * Variable: adjustable resistance * LDR: resistance decreases with light * Thermistor: resistance decreases with temperature
56
Understand the term 'short circuit'
A circuit with low resistance that bypasses normal pathways
57
Create a circuit that is designed for a specific task
Design components to achieve a particular function
58
Define the word 'universe'
All of space and everything in it
59
List examples of objects that are contained within our Universe
* Stars * Planets * Galaxies * Black holes
60
Define the word 'galaxy'
A vast system of stars, gas, and dust bound by gravity
61
State that a star is a large body of gas undergoing nuclear fusion
Stars are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium
62
State the steps of the life-cycle of a star similar in mass to the Sun
* Nebula * Main sequence * Red giant * Planetary nebula * White dwarf
63
Describe the main sequence of a star
A stable phase where hydrogen fuses into helium
64
State the steps of the life-cycles of a star greater in mass than the Sun
* Nebula * Main sequence * Red supergiant * Supernova * Neutron star or black hole
65
Define the terms 'light year' and 'Astronomical Unit'
* Light year: distance light travels in a year * Astronomical Unit: average distance from Earth to Sun
66
State what is meant by a 'Solar System'
A star and all objects bound to it by gravity
67
Name, in order, the eight planets of our Solar System
* Mercury * Venus * Earth * Mars * Jupiter * Saturn * Uranus * Neptune
68
Compare the difference between stars and planets
* Stars produce their own light; planets do not
69
Define the terms 'comet' and 'asteroid' and 'moon'
* Comet: icy body that releases gas * Asteroid: rocky body * Moon: natural satellite orbiting a planet
70
Understand that weight is the force that keeps objects in the Solar System in orbit around the Sun
Gravity provides the centripetal force for orbits
71
Describe how weight can change on different planets
Weight varies with gravitational strength on different planets
72
Know the term 'satellite' and that they can be natural or artificial
Satellites orbit larger bodies; examples include moons and man-made satellites
73
Describe the difference artificial satellite orbits (limited to Low Earth Orbit and Geosynchronous) and their uses
* Low Earth Orbit: close to Earth, used for observation * Geosynchronous: matches Earth's rotation, used for communication
74
Know that telescopes can be used to view distant objects
Telescopes collect and magnify light from distant sources
75
Understand that a telescope works by producing a magnified image
Lenses or mirrors focus light to enlarge images
76
Create a pinhole camera and use this to look at images of the Sun and Moon
A pinhole camera captures light through a small aperture
77
Compare and contrast land-based and space-based telescopes
* Land-based: affected by atmosphere * Space-based: clearer images, no atmospheric distortion
78
Know that there are 4 types of space exploration (Fly-by missions, Orbiters, Landers and Rovers)
* Fly-by missions * Orbiters * Landers * Rovers
79
Explain how these different methods can be used
Each method serves different scientific purposes
80
Know the different roles on a space mission (pilots, mission specialists and payload specialists)
* Pilots: operate the spacecraft * Mission specialists: perform scientific tasks * Payload specialists: manage specific experiments
81
Describe how rockets are able to take off using Newton’s Second Law
Rockets accelerate by expelling gas downward, creating equal and opposite force
82
Understand what an escape velocity is
The minimum speed needed to break free from a planet's gravitational pull
83
State what is at the centre of the galaxy (black hole)
A supermassive black hole
84
Compare the similarities between solar systems and galaxies
Both contain gravitationally bound objects
85
Describe evidence of the Big Bang in terms of moving galaxies (doppler not required)
Redshift of galaxies indicates universe expansion
86
Understand how distance to a galaxy and speed of that galaxy are related
Greater distance correlates with higher speed due to expansion

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