Physics Flashcards
1
Q
Find average acceleration, a =
A
a = Δv / Δt
2
Q
For a body under constant acceleration, what is velocity: V =
A
V = Vo + at
3
Q
For a body under constant acceleration, what is change in distance: ΔX =
A
Δx = V₀t + ½at²
Δx = Vavg • time
Δx = (½V₀+V)t
*for this one you can draw a line of initial and final velocity and find the middle value then multiply it by the time to find the distance
4
Q
For a body under constant acceleration, find V without knowing time:
A
V² = V₀² + 2a (x-x₀)
5
Q
For a body under constant acceleration, find average velocity;
→
V =
A
→
V = (½V₀+V)
6
Q
Is weight a vector or scalar quantity? What is the formula for calculating weight?
A
Weight is a vector quantity
Weight = (mass) (gravity)
units: Kg·m/s² = newton
7
Q
What are the Newton’s Three Laws of Motion?
A
1: A body in motion w/ constant velocity in a straight line path or at rest will remain that way unless a net for acts upon it.
2: Force = Mass x Acceleration = ma
3: To every force there is always an equal and opposite force
8
Q
What are the formulas for the initial horizontal and vertical velocities of a projectile launched with speed v at an angle of theta to the horizontal?
A
Horizontal velocity = Vcosθ
Vertical velocity = Vsinθ
9
Q
What does the total horizontal distance, x, traveled by a projectile equal?
A
X = V₀horizontal · time in air
10
Q
What is the formula for gravitational force?
A
F = Gm₁m₂ / r²
11
Q
If the distance between two objects doubled, by how much is the force of gravity increased or decreased?
A
The force would decrease by a factor of 4 (2^2)
12
Q
T/F, A body in translational equalibrium has a net force moving it at a constant velocity?
A
False, a body in translational equilibrium has no net force acting on it.
13
Q
If a lever arm is halved, by how much does the torque increase or decrease?
A
The torque would decrease by half
14
Q
What is the formula for calculating torque?
A
τ = rFsinθ (r = the distance between force and axis of rotation)
15
Q
When calculating torque, which rotation direction is considered positive and which negative?
A
-Counter Clockwise (to the left) is positive and Clockwise (to the right) is negative.
16
Q
T/F For rotational equilibrium to occur, the sum of all torques acting on a body must be zero?
A
- True
17
Q
What is translational motion?
A
-Translational motion is defined as motion in which the position of the object’s center of mass changes as a function of time
18
Q
A block on an inclined plane, the gravitaional for point in which direction? What about the component of the force which contributes to the blocks motion down a 30° ramp?
A
1) Straight Down to the center of the earth
2) mg Sinθ from which you will be able to calculate acceleration down the incline.
*if there is friction it would be
(mg•Sinθ) - (Ff)
or
(mg•Sinθ) - (μk•Fn)
or
(mgSinθ) - (μk•mgCosθ)
19
Q
A block on an inclined plane with angle of 30 to the horizontal, what is the normal force of the block?
A
mg Cosθ
*it points strait up with respect to the blocks horizontal plain which is slanted compared to the earths horizontal plane.
20
Q
What is the formula for the force of static friction?
A
1) fk ≤ μsN
(μs = coefficient of static friction)
21
Q
What is the formula for the force of kinetic friction?
A
1) fk = μkN
(μk = coefficient of kinetic friction)
22
Q
What is the formula for centripetal acceleration (for a body in uniform circular motion)? a=
A
☛ a = ν²/r
(acceleration = velocity squared devided by radius)
(m²/s²)/(m) = m²/s²m = m/s²
23
Q
What is the formula for centripetal force (for a body in uniform circular motion)? F=
A
☛ F = Kg · ac
(mass · centripetal acceleration)
(Kg · mv²/r) = the newton (Kg·m/s²)
24
Q
T/F For a planet orbiting a star, the centripetal force is equal to the gravitational force?
A
☛ True
25
What is the formula for work? W =
◈ W=(Force · Distance) cosθ = Fdcosθ
26
What is the unit of work?
◈ The unit of work is the Joule (N · m)
27
What is the formula for power? P =
◈ P= W/t
(work / time)
(J/s) = (Kg·m²/s³)
28
What is the unit of power?
```
◈ The Watt
(J/s)
(N·m / s)
(Ma · m / s)
(Kg·m/s²·m/s) = (Kg·m²/s³)
```
29
What is the formula for kinetic energy? KE =
◈ KE = ½mass·velocity²
(½mv²) = (½)(Kg·m²/s²)
*remember that ½ is analogous to dividing by two (Kg·m²/s²)/2
30
What are the units of kinetic energy? KE =
◈ The units of KE are joules
| (force · distance)
31
What is the formula for gravitational potential energy?
◈ U = (mass)(gravity)(hieght) = mgh
(Kg·m/s²·m) = Kg·m²/s²
also known as a Joule
32
What are the units of gravitational potential energy?
◈ The units of GPE are Joules : Kg·m²/s²
33
T/F, The total mechanical energy of a body is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies?
◈ True
34
Is total mechanical energy a constant if the only forces that act on a body are conservative ( E = K + U = constant)
◈Yes, E = K + U = constant
35
What is the change in energy of a system if only conservative forces act upon it?
◈If only conservative forces act on a body, then ΔE=0
36
What is the formula for momentum? p=
◈ p = (mass)(velocity) = mv
37
What is the formula for impulse j? j=
◈ j = (force)(time)
j = Ft
j = mv - mv₀ or change in momentum (Δp)
38
Is Kinetic energy conserved in a completely elastic collision?
◈Yes, kinetic energy is conserved in a completely elastic collision
39
T/F, Net external force must equal zero for conservation of momentum to occur?
◈True
40
What is the formula for the center of mass for two masses, m₁ and m₂, lying along the x-axis at points x₁ and x₂? X=
◈ X = (m₁x₁ + m₂x₂) / m₁+m₂
41
T/F, Momentum is not conserved in an inelastic collision?
◈False, momentum is conserved in both elastic and inelastic collisions.
42
What are the temperatures in Kelvin and Celsius for the following?
1. Absolute Zero
2. Freezing point of water
3. Boiling point of water
◈1. Absolute zero is 0°K and -273℃
◈2. Freezing (H₂O) is 273°K and O℃
◈3. Boiling (H₂O) is 373°K and 100℃
43
What is the formula for converting Kelvin to Celsius? Tc =
◈ subtract 273
| Tc = Tk - 273
44
What is the formula for thermal expansion of a solid? ΔL =
◈ ΔL = αL·ΔT
| alpha is the coefficient of linear expansion
45
What is the formula for volume thermal expansion of a liquid or a solid? ΔV =
◈ ΔV = βV·ΔT
| beta is the coefficient of volume expansion
46
What type of heat transfer involves the direct transfer of energy from molecule through molecular collisions?
Conduction
47
What type of heat transfer involves the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves?
Radiation
48
What type of heat transfer involves the physical motion of heated material?
Convection
49
What are the units of heat?
◈ The units of heat are the calorie, Btu, or Joule
50
What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie?
◈ A Calorie is a nutritional term and is equal to 1000 calories.
51
What is the formula relating heat gained and temperature change? Q=
◈ Q = (mass)(specific heat)(ΔT) or mcΔT
52
What is heat of fusion?
◈ Heat of fusion is the amount of energy required for a phase change from solid to liquid
53
What is heat of vaporization?
◈ Heat of vaporization is the amount of energy required for a phase change from a liquid to gas.
54
What is the formula for heat gained or lost during a phase change? Q=
◈ Q=(mass)(heat of transformation) = mL
| mL?
55
What is the SI unit of pressure?
◈ The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal
56
What is an isobaric process?
◈ An isobaric process is a process done at constant pressure
57
What is the formula for work (given an isobaric process)? W=
◈ P·ΔV
| or (pressure)(Δvolume)
58
What is the formula for the First Law of Thermodynamics? ΔU=
◈ ΔU = (heat energy gained) - (work done by a system)
59
T/F, Heat flow out of a system is (+) and heat flow into a system is (-)
◈ False, heat flow out of a system is (-) and heat flow into a system is (+)
60
What is an adiabatic process?
◈ An adiabatic process is one in which no heat flows from the system to its surroundings (or vice versa)
61
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
◈ The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system will either increase or remain unchanged.
62
Does a totally reversible process increase the entropy of the universe? What about an irreversible process?
◈ A totally reversible process does not increase the entropy of the universe, but an irreversible process does.
63
What is the equation of density?
◈ ρ = (mass)/(volume)
| Kg/m³ or g/cm³
64
What is the density of H20?
◈ ρwater = 1000 Kg/m³ or 1g/cm³
65
What is specific gravity?
◈ Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to the density of water.
66
What is the formula for calculating pressure?
◈ P = Force / Area = F / A
| N/m² = (Kg·m/s²) / m² = Kg/s²m
67
What is the formula for absolute pressure in a liquid?
◈ P = (surface pressure) + (ρ)(gravity)(depth)
| P= P₀ + ρgh
68
What is gauge pressure?
◈ Gauge pressure is the pressure in excess of atmospheric pressure
69
T/F, Pascal's principle states that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container
◈ True
70
What is the relationship between the areas and forces when a system is in equilibrium?
◈ F₁/A₁ = F₂/A₂
71
T/F, Both pistons move the same distance when a force is applied to one of them (refer to a picture with two pistons acting parallel to each other with one larger than another)
◈ False, the larger piston will move by a smaller distance
72
What is the formula for buoyant force? Fb =
◈ Fb = (density of the fluid)·(gravity)·(volume of the object immersed in the fluid)
Fb = ρgV
73
Given a pipe of varying cross sections, how do fluid velocity and cross-sectional area relate throughout the pipe?
◈ The smaller the cross sectional area, the greater the velocity.
74
T/F, According to Bernoulli's Equation, as fluid velocity increases, absolute pressure decreases?
◈ True
75
What is viscosity?
Viscosity is the measure of the internal friction of a fluid.
76
Does the viscosity of a liquid generally increase or decrease as temperature rises?
An increase in temperature generally causes the viscosity of a liquid to decrease.
77
What is the formula for Young's Modulus? Y=
Y = (F/A) / (ΔL/L) = Stress Force / Strain
78
T/F, Unlike charges attract and like charges repel?
True
79
What is the formula for Coulumb's Law? F=
```
F = Kq₁q₂ / r²
F = (constant)(charge₁)(charge₂) / (distance)²
```
80
If the distance between two charged objects is tripled, by how much does the elctrostatic force change?
The electric force would decrease by a factor of 9
81
If the distance between two charged objects is halved, by how much does the electrostatic force change?
The electrostatic force would increase by a factor of 4
82
What is the formula for an electric field at a distance (r) from a charge (q)? E=
E = k q/r²
83
In which direction will an electric field vector point around a positive charge?
The field vectors point away from a positive charge
84
In which direction will an electric field vector point around a negative charge?
The field vectors point toward a negative charge.
85
What is the formula for the force that a charge (q) experiences in an electric field (E)? F =
F = qE
86
What are the units of an electric field?
The units of an electric field are: Newtons/Coulomb or Volts/meter
87
What are the units of voltage?
The units of voltage are Volts or Joules/Coulomb
88
What is the formula for electric potential given a charge (q) at a distance of (r)? V =
V = K q/r
89
What is the potetial difference between two points on an equipotential line?
The potential difference is zero.
90
What is the formula for electrical potential energy? U =
U = qV
91
What happens to a dipole if it is placed in a uniform electric field?
The dipole will align with the electric field lines.
92
How much work is done on a charge if it is moved in a strait path between two equipotential points?
No net work is done.
93
What are the units of a magnetic field?
The units of a magnetic field are the Tesla. Sometimes the units given in Gauss: 1 Tesla = 10⁴ Gauss
94
What is the formula for the force on a moving charged particle in a magnetic field? F =
F = (charge)(velocity)(magnetic field)(sinθ) = qvBsinθ
95
What force will a stationary charged particle in a magnetic field experience?
A stationary particle will experience no force in a magnetic field
96
What force will a moving charge experience if it travels parallel or antiparallel to a magnetic field?
No force will be experienced if the charge moves parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field.
97
What are the units of current?
The units of current are Amperes. 1A = 1 Coulomb / second
98
What is the formula for current? i =
i = Δq/Δt
99
What is the formula for the force on a current carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field? F =
F = (current)(length)(magnetic field)(sinθ) = iLBsinθ
100
A proton moving in a magnetic field experiences a force towards the top of the page. An electron moving in the same direction as the proton experiences a force in which direction?
Towards the bottom of the page.
101
A proton moves towards the top of the page in a region where a magnetic field is directed into the page. What is the direction of the magnetic force?
Towards the left
102
A long strait wire carries a current directed towards the top of the page. What is the direction of the magnetic field on the left side of the wire?
The field points out of the page
103
What is the formula for the magnetic field created by a long strait wire? B =
```
B = (permeability of free space)(current) / (2π)(distance from wire)
B = μ₀i / 2π•r
```
104
A magnetic field is created by a loop of wire. What is the formula for the magnetic field at the center of the loop? B =
B = μ₀i / 2r
r is radius
105
T/F, In DC current, the charge flows in one direction only
True
106
T/F, In AC current, the charge flows in one direction only.
False, in AC current, the flow of charge changes direction periodically.
107
T/F, By convention, the direction of current is the direction in which a negative charge would flow.
False, the direction of current is the direction in which a positive charge would flow
108
What is the formula for Ohm's Law? V =
Volts = (current)(resistance) = iR
109
How do the following affect the resistance of a conductor?
1. Increased length.
2. Increased cross-sectional area
3. Increased temperature
4. Increased resistivity (ρ).
1. As length increases, so does resistance.
2. As cross-sectional area increases, resistance decreases.
3. As temperature increases, resistance typically increases.
4. As resistivity increases so does resistance
110
What is the formula for electrical power? P =
P = (current)(voltage) = iV = i²R = V²/R
111
What is the formula for calculating resistance given resistors in series? Rs =
Rs = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ + ... + Rn
112
What is the formula for calculating resistance given resistors in parallel? Rp
1/Rp = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ + ... + 1/Rn
113
What is Kirchoff's 2nd law?
Kirchoff's 2nd law states that the sum of the voltage drops around a circuit loop equals the sum of the voltage rises around the loop.
114
If 7A of current flow into a three way junction and 3A leave via one of the routes, how much current leaves via the other?
7A - 3A = 4A
115
What is the formula for capacitance? C =
C = (charge stored on plate) / (potential difference between plates) = Q/V
116
What are the units of capacitance?
The units of capacitance are Farads
| 1 Farad = 1 Coulomb / Volt
117
What is the formula for the electric field between the plates of a capacitor? E =
E = (potential difference between plates) / (distance between plates) = V/d
118
T/F, as plate area increases, capacitance increases proportionally
True
119
Does the introduction of dielectric material between the plates of a capcitor increase or decrease the capacitance?
A dielectric material increases the capacitance. The new capacitance (C') = CK, where K = dielectric constant.
120
What is the formula for calculating capacitance given capacitors in series? Cs =
1/Cs = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂ + 1/C₃ + ... + 1/Cn
121
What is the formula for calculating capacitance given capacitor in parallel? Cp =
Cp = C₁ + C₂ + C₃ + ... + Cn
122
For AC current, what is the formula for calculating Irms?
Irms = (Imax) / (√2)
123
For AC current, what is the formula for calculating Vrms?
V rms = Vmax / √2
124
What is the formula for Hooke's Law? F=
```
F = -(spring constant)(displacement from equilibruim)
F = -kx
```
125
What are the formulas for angular frequencies of a mass on a spring and of a pendulum (SHM)? ω =
ω = √(k/m) for a spring, and ω = √(g/L) for a pendulum
| "ωkm ωgl"
126
What is the formula for kinetic energy (SHM)? K =
K = ½(mass)(velocity)² = ½mv²
127
What is the formula for potential energy (SHM)? U =
U = ½ (spring constant)(displacement)² = ½kx²
| U = (mass)(gravity)(height) = mgh (pendulum)
128
T/F, For an object in SHM, E = K + U = constant
True
129
When is an object's kinetic energy greatest (SHM) ?
Kinetic energy is greatest at the equilibrium point.
130
When is an object's potential energy greatest (SHM) ?
Potential energy is greatest at maximum displacement from equilibrium
131
T/F, for an object in SHM, frequency = 1/period
True
132
What are the formulas for the period of a mass on a spring and of a pendulum in SHM? T =
```
T = 2π √(m/k) spring
T = 2π √(L/g) pendulum
```
133
Describe particle oscillation in a transverse wave
Particles oscillate perpendicular to wave motion in a transverse wave.
134
Describe particle oscillation in a longitudinal wave.
Particles oscillate along the direction of wave motion in a longitudinal wave.
135
What is the formula relating the speed of a wave to it frequency (f) and wavelength (λ)? v =
v = fλ
136
T/F, a sinusoidal wave crosses its equilibrium point every 90°
False, a sinusoidal wave crosses its equilibrium point every 180°
137
T/F, the fundamental harmonic has the longest wavelength and thus the smallest frequency of all the harmonics?
True
138
T/F, the higher the harmonic, the greater the wavelength?
False, the higher the harmonic, the shorter the wavelength.
139
What is a node?
A node is a point in a standing wave that remains at rest.
140
What is an anti-node?
An anti-node is a point in a standing wave that fluctuates at maximum amplitude.
141
Two waves that are 180° out of phase exhibit which type of interference?
Destructive interference
142
Two waves that are 720° out of phase exhibit which type of interference?
Constructive interference
143
(T/F) When two waves are out of phase by 180° and interfere with each other, the resulting displacement is always zero?
False, the resultant displacement is only zero when the two waves have equal amplitudes
144
What is the formula for sound intensity? I =
```
I = Power / Area
I = P/A
```
145
What is the beat frequency for two frequencies which differ by 4 Hz?
4 Hz. This is a trick question - the beat frequency is equal to the difference of the two frequencies.
146
T/F, the observed frequency from a source emitting a sound is higher if the source is moving toward a stationary observer?
True
147
T/F, Standing waves in pipes open at both ends have nodes at the ends of the pipes?
False, standing waves in pipes open at both ends have antinodes at the ends of the pipe.
148
T/F, Standing waves in strings fixed at both ends have nodes at the ends of the strings?
True
149
T/F, higher harmonics of standing waves in open pipes have higher wave speed than lower harmonics?
False, the wave speed of all harmonics is the same
150
Which harmonic does each of the following represent?
1. one end open with one node
2. both ends open with three noedes
3. both ends open with one node
4. both ends open with two nodes
1. 1st harmonic
2. 3rd harmonic
3. 1st harmonic
4. 2nd harmonic
151
What is the speed of an electromagnetic wave (light) in a vacum?
The speed of light in a vacuum is 3x10⁸ m/s
152
What type of image do plane mirrors create (real or virtual)?
Plane mirrors always create virtual images
153
How are the focal length and radius of curvature related?
Focal length = radius of curvature / 2
| Focal length = r/2
154
What is the formula relating object distance (o), image distance (i), and focal length (f)?
1/o + 1/i = 1/f = 2/r
155
Does a virtual image have a positive (+) or negative (-) image distance?
A virtual image has a negative image distance
156
If an image is in front of a mirror, is it real or virtual?
An image that is in front of a mirror is real
157
Does a real image have a positive (+) or negative (-) image distance?
A real image has a positive image distance
158
What is the formula for magnification? m=
```
m = - (image distance)/(object distance)
m = - i/o
```
159
T/F, a nagative (-) magnification signifies an upright image?
False, a (-) magnification signifies an inverted image and a (+) magnification signifies an upright image.
160
What type of image does a diverging (convex) mirror create?
A diverging mirror always creates a virtual upright image.
161
What type of image does a converging (concave) mirror create when the object is placed beyond the focal point?
An object beyond the focal point produces a real inverted image in a converging mirror.
162
What type of image does a converging (concave) mirror create when the object is placed inside the focal point?
An object inside the focal point produces a virtual upright image in a converging mirror
163
Does a convex mirror have a positive or negative focal length (or radius of curvature)?
A convex mirror has a negative (-) focal length and radius of curvature.
164
Does a concave mirror have a positive or negative focal length (or radius of curvature)?
A concave mirror has a positive (+) focal length and radius of curvature
165
What is the formula for index of refraction? n =
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium = c/v
166
What is the formula for Snell's Law?
n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂
167
Under what conditions will light undergo total internal reflection?
Total internal reflection will occur when light travels from a medium with a higher index of refraction to a medium with a lower index of refraction and with an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.
168
is a perfect oval shaped lense converging or diverging?
Converging lens
169
is a lense bowed in on both sides converging or diverging?
Diverging lens
170
Does a converging lens have a positive (+) or negative (-) focal length?
A converging lens has a positive (+) focal length
171
Does a diverging lens have a postive (+) or negative (-) focal length?
A diverging lens has a negative (-) focal length
172
T/F, the "real" side of a lens is the side opposite from which light originates?
True
173
What type of image does a diverging lens produce?
A diverging lens produces a virtual upright image.
174
What type of image does a converging (convex) lens create when the object is placed beyond the focal point?
An object beyond the focal point produces a real inverted image in a converging lens.
175
What type of image does a converging (convex) lens create when the object is placed inside the focal point
An object inside the focal point produces a virtual upright image in a converging lens.
*is it magnified?*
176
What are the units of power for a lens?
Diopters are the units of lens power (when f is measured in meters)
177
What is the formula for calculating lens power? P =
P = 1 / f
178
T/F, the splitting of white light in a prism is an example of dispersion?
True
179
What is diffraction?
Diffraction is the spreading out of light as it passes through a narrow opening
180
T/F, light waves can constructively and/or destructively interfere with each other?
True
181
What is polarized light?
Polarized light is light in which the electric fields of all the waves are oriented in the same direction
182
Is the energy of a photon dependent on frequency or on amplitude?
The energy of a photon is dependent on frequency
183
What is the formula for calculating the energy of a photon? E =
```
E = (plank's constant)(frequency)
E = hf
```
184
What is the photoelectric effect?
The photoelectric effect is the phenomenon whereby electrons are emitted by a metal that is exposed to light of a sufficiently high frequency
185
T/F, photon energy increases when wavelength increases?
False. Photon energy decreases as wavelength increases, as seen from the formula E = hc/λ
186
What is the threshold frequency (photoelectric effect)?
The threshold frequency is the minimum frequency of light that will cause the emission of an electron
187
T/F, the excess energy of a photon is converted to extra kinetic energy of the emitted electron?
True
188
What is the formula for calculating the kinetic energy of an emitted electron? K =
K = hf - W; (W=hft) where ft is threshold frequency
189
How many electrons will be emitted when using light with a frequency below the threshold frequency?
None
190
T/F, the electron volt (eV) is a unit of energy?
True
191
What happens to an electron that absorbs a photon?
An electron that absorbs a photon will jump to a higher energy level.
192
What happens when an electron jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level (orbit)?
An electron that jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level will emit a photon whose energy equals the difference in energy between two levels.
193
What is the minium energy level needed to ionize an electron in a state with energy -10 eV
10eV, (ionization means producing a free electron and free electrons have energy greater than or equal to zero.)
194
What is a nucleon?
A nucleon is a proton or a neutron.
195
What does an atom's atomic number represent?
Atomic number represents the number of protons in the atom's nucleus.
196
What does an atom's mass number represent?
Mass number represents the number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) in the atoms nucleus.
197
What is an isotope?
An isotope is a variant of an atom with the same number or protons but with a different number of neutrons
198
What does an atom's atomic weight represent?
Atomic weight represents the weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element
199
What do "Z" and "A" represent in the folloing isotopic notation: ^A∨Z (X)
```
Z = atomic number (protons)
A = mass number (protons and neutrons)
```
200
What is mass defect?
Mass defect is the difference between the mass of a nucleus and the sum total of its constituents (nucleons)
201
What formula is used for calculating binding energy?
```
Energy = (mass defect)(speed of light)²
Energy = Δmc²
```
202
what is the name of the process for combining smaller nuclei into larger nuclei?
Fusion is the combining of smaller nuclei to create larger nuclei
203
What is nuclear fission?
Fission is the splitting of atomic nuclei
204
Whayt happens to an atom's mass (A) and atomic (Z) numbers when an alpha (α) particle is emitted?
A daughter = A parent - 4
Z daughter = Z parent - 2
(α decay reaction) (^A ∨Z) (X) -> ^(A-4) ∨(Z-2) (Y) + α
205
What happens to an atom's mass (A) and atomic (Z) numbers when it undergoes β- decay?
A daughter = A parent
| Z daughter = Z parent + 1 ^A∨Z X -> ^A∨Z+1 Y + B-
206
What happens to an atom's mass (A) and atomic (Z) numbers when it undergoes B+ (positron) decay?
A daughter = A parent
| Z daughter = Z parent - 1 ^A∨Z X -> ^A∨Z-1 Y + B+
207
What happens to an atom's mass (A) and atomic (Z) numbers when it undergoes gamma (λ) decay?
A daughter = A parent
| Z daughter = Z parent ^A∨Z X* -> ^A∨Z X + γ
208
If the half life of an isotope is 2 years, how much of the original isotope will be left after 4 years?
25% will be left after two half-lives
209
What is the formula for exponential decay?
The formula for exponential decay is n = n₀eˆ(-λt)
210
What are the units (MKS) of each of the following?
1. Length
2. Mass
3. Force
4. Time
5. Work & Energy
6. Power
1. m, meters
2. Kg, kilograms
3. N, newton
4. s, seconds
5. J, joules
6. W, watt
211
Give the prefix and abbreviation for each of the following:
1. 10^9
2. 10^6
3. 10^3
4. 10^-2
5. 10^-3
6. 10^-6
7. 10^-9
8. 10^-12
1. G or B, Giga
2. M, mega
3. k, kilo
4. c, centi
5. m, mili
6. μ, micro
7. n, nano
8. p, pico
212
103 in scientific notation
1.03·10²
213
123456 in scientific notation
1.23456·10⁵
214
103·10² in scientific notation?
1.03·10⁴
215
0.103 · 10ˆ-⁴ in scientific notation?
1.03 · 10ˆ-⁵
216
(2 · 10⁶)(9 · 10²) = in scientific notation?
1.8 · 10¹¹
217
1 · 10⁴ / 2 · 10⁷ = in scientific notation?
5 · 10ˆ-⁴
218
(6x10^3)^2
3.6x10^7
219
(3x10^2) + (3x10^3) =
3.3x10^3
220
Sinθ =
Sinθ = Opposite / Hypotenuse
221
Cosθ =
Cos θ = Adjacent / Hypotenuse
222
Tan θ =
Tan θ = Opposite / Adjacent
223
Sin 0°
Sin 0° = 0
224
Cos 0° =
Cos 0° = 1
225
Sin 90° =
Sin 90 ° = 1
226
Cos 90° =
Cos 90° = 0
227
Sin 30° =
Sin 30° = 1/2
| Sin 30° = 0.5
228
Cos 30° =
Cos 30° = √3/2
| Cos 30° = 0.87
229
Sin 60° =
Sin 60° = √3/2
| Sin 60° = 0.87
230
Cos 60° =
Cos 60° = 1/2
| Cos 60° = 0.5
231
Sin 45° =
Sin 45° = √2/2
| Sin 45° = 0.71
232
Cos 45° =
Cos 45° = √2/2
| Cos 45° = 0.71
233
Sin 180° =
Sin 180° = 0
234
Cos 180° =
Cos 180° = -1
235
What is the difference between a scalar quantity and vector quantity?
A scalar quantity has magnitude but no direction. A vector quantity has magnitude and direction.
236
What are the following, scalar or vector quantities?
1. Distance, speed and mass
2. Displacement, velocity, and force
1. Scalar; distance, speed and mass
| 2. Vector; displacement, velocity and force
237
If a vector A goes east
if a vector B goes north east
if a vector C goes south
What direction would A + B + C vector point?
East SouthEast
238
If a vector A goes east
if a vector B goes north east
if a vector C goes south
What direction would A - B + C vector point?
South SouthEast
239
If a vector A goes east
if a vector B goes north east
if a vector C goes south
What direction would A - B - C vector point?
northeast
240
T/F, the sum of two vectors is the resultant of the vectors?
True
241
A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hour.
What is the distance? d =
d = 2 + 3 = 5 miles
242
A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hour.
What is the Displacement? Δx =
Δx = 2 miles (N) - 3 miles (S) = 1 mile (S)
243
A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hour.
What is the Average Velocity? v =
Vavg = Δx / Δt = 1 miles / 1 hour = 1 mile/hour (S)
244
A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hour.
What is the Average Speed? Savg =
Savg = d / Δt = 5 miles / 1 hour = 5 miles/hour
