Gravitation 1. Law of universal universal gravitation is 2. Gravitational field g = 3. Gravitational potential energy Ug =

1. Gravitational force F = G m1 m2 / r2 2. g = G m / r2 3. Ug = - G m1m2 / r

Potential energy 1. describe in words 2. Gravity - formula general 3. Gravity - formula Earths gravity 4. Two charges interacting by Electric force - formula 5. In a stretched spring - formula

1. The energy of position 2. Ug = -G m1 m2 /r 3. U = mgh 4. Ue = k q1 q2 /r 5. Uspr = 1/2 k x2

Heat engine 1. What is the maximum amount of work you can get out of a heat engine = 2. What are the implications of The Second Law of Thermodynamics for efficiency of machines?

1. The maximum amount of work you can get out of a heat engine is the amount you get out of a reversible engine. Wmax = (Qhigh - Qlow)reversible = Qhigh - QhighTlow/Thigh = Qhigh(1 - Tlow/Thigh). 2. No 100% efficiency (a heat engine exhaust gas would have to be 0 Kelvin which is impossible) The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time. The second law has been expressed in many ways. [webpage LINK](http://labman.phys.utk.edu/phys136/modules/m3/heatpump.htm)

Mass-spring 1. ..?.. Law 2. Restoring force = 3. Angular frequency = 4. ..?.. potential energy = 4a

1. Hooke's law 2. F = -k x spring constant displacement 3. w = (k/m)1/2 4. _Elastic_ potential energy 4a. U = 1/2 k x2

Electricity 1. Coulomb's law force between two point charges F = 2. Define electric field E = 2a. and in words 3. Electric field around a point charge E =

1. F = kq1q2/r2 2. E = F/q 2a. Electric field predicts the force that would exert on a test charge 3. Electric field around a point charge E = kq/r2

Wave propogation 1. speed of wave on a stretched string = 2. and for a harmonic wave =

1. v = (F / u)1/2 Tension / mu is mass per unit length 2. v = lambda x f

Transmission of heat 1. Rate of heat flow (by conduction) = 2. Rate of heat flow (by radiation) =

1. Q/t = K A (deltaT/deltax) K is thermal conductivity of the material deltax is conductor thickness 2. Stefan's law Q/t = A epsilon sigma T4 epsilon is emissivity sigma is Stefan-Boltzmann constant

Sources of the magnetic field 1. Magnetic field on a straight current carrying wire B = 2. Magnetic field at the centre of a current loop B = 3. Magnetic field within a solenoid B =

1. Magnetic field on a straight current carrying wire B = μ0 I /( 2 π d) [μ0 = permeability of free space; I=current, d=distance from wire] 2. Magnetic field at the centre of a current loop[radius r] B = μ0 I / (2r) 3. Magnetic field within a solenoid[n turns per unit length] B = n μ0 I [diagram of fields](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfie.html#c1)

Rotational kinematics (3 of 3) 1. Angular momentum of a body - formula 2. Angular momentum of a particle moving around a point - formula

1. L = I w 2. L = p r sintheta momentum of particle rho x radius x sin.. or more formally by the vector product L = r x p 2. additional - The direction is given by the right hand rule which would give L the direction out of the diagram. For an orbit, angular momentum isconserved, and this leads to one ofKepler's laws. For a circular orbit, L becomes L = mvr

Magnetic force 1. Magnetic force on a segment of current carrying conductor F = 2. Torque on a current loop within a uniform magnetic field T =

1. F = L I B sin θ [L=segment length, I=current, θ= angle between current and magnetic field] 2. T = I A B cos Φ [A=area of loop, Φ = angle between loop plane and magnetic field]

Physics Flashcards by David Buderim

Gravitation

Law of universal universal gravitation is
Gravitational field g =
Gravitational potential energy U_g =

Gravitational force F = G m₁ m₂ / r²
g = G m / r²
Ug = - G m₁m₂ / r

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Lenz’s law

The polarity of the induced emf ………………..

The polarity of the induced emf is such that the induced current

creates a magnetic field that tends to oppose the change that produced it

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Capacitance

C =

C = Q / V

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Potential energy

describe in words
Gravity - formula general
Gravity - formula Earths gravity
Two charges interacting by Electric force - formula
In a stretched spring - formula

The energy of position
Ug = -G m₁ m₂ /r
U = mgh
Ue = k q₁ q₂ /r
Uspr = 1/2 k x²

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Electrostatic potential energy between two point charges U =

Electrostatic potential energy between two point charges

U = kq₁q₂/r

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Sound waves

loudness in decibels =

Sound Intensity with distance

Planar waves =

Cylindrical waves =

Spherical waves =

loudness in decibels = 10 log₁₀ (I / I_o) Intensity , Io is 10^-12 W/m²

Planar waves I = constant

Cylindrical waves I = 1/r

Spherical waves I = 1/r²

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Archimedes principle

formula in words

Buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced

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Heat engine

What is the maximum amount of work you can get out of a heat engine =
What are the implications of The Second Law of Thermodynamics for efficiency of machines?

The maximum amount of work you can get out of a heat engine is the amount you get out of a reversible engine.

Wmax = (Qhigh - Qlow)reversible

= Qhigh - QhighTlow/Thigh = Qhigh(1 - Tlow/Thigh).

No 100% efficiency _{<em>(a heat engine exhaust gas would have to be 0 Kelvin which is impossible)</em>}

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time.

The second law has been expressed in many ways.

webpage LINK

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Pascal’s law

formula

leads to hyd….. …ess

F_a/A_a = F_b/A_b

hydraulic press

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Mass-spring

..?.. Law
Restoring force =
Angular frequency =
..?.. potential energy = 4a

Hooke’s law
F = -k x spring constant displacement
w = (k/m)^1/2
Elastic potential energy
4a. U = 1/2 k x²

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Wave superposition

standing waves fixed at both ends, wavelength =

standing waves fixed at one end e.g tube, wavelength =

standing waves fixed at both ends

wavelength_n = 2L / n (n = 1,2,3,4,5…)

standing waves fixed at one end e.g tube, wavelength =

wavelengthn = 4L / n (n = 1,,3,,5…)

webpage animations

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Electricity

Coulomb’s law force between two point charges F =
Define electric field E =
2a. and in words
Electric field around a point charge E =

F = kq₁q₂/r²
E = F/q
2a. Electric field predicts the force that would exert on a test charge
Electric field around a point charge E = kq/r²

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Wave propogation

speed of wave on a stretched string =
and for a harmonic wave =

v = (F / u)^1/2 Tension / mu is mass per unit length
v = _{lambda x}f

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Simple harmonic motion

Displacement =

Frequency = =

Period =

x = A cos (ωt + δ)

displacement = max displacement cos( angular velocity x time + phase angle)

f = 1/T = ω/2π

T = 2π/ω

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Transmission of heat

Rate of heat flow (by conduction) =
Rate of heat flow (by radiation) =

1. Q/t = K A (_deltaT/_deltax)

K is thermal conductivity of the material

_deltax is conductor thickness

Stefan’s law

Q/t = A _{epsilon sigma} T⁴

epsilon is emissivity

sigma is Stefan-Boltzmann constant

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Newton’s laws of motion

Number

title

formula

1st Law - The law of Inertia

If net force = 0 then acceleration = 0

2nd Law - Net force causes acceleration

F = ma

3rd Law - Action and reaction

F₁₂ = F₂₁

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Sources of the magnetic field

Magnetic field on a straight current carrying wire B =
Magnetic field at the centre of a current loop B =
Magnetic field within a solenoid B =

Magnetic field on a straight current carrying wire

B = μ₀ I /( 2 π d) _{[μ0 = permeability of free space; I=current, d=distance from wire]}

Magnetic field at the centre of a current loop_{[radius r]}

B = μ₀ I / (2r)

Magnetic field within a solenoid_{[n turns per unit length]}

B = n μ₀ I

diagram of fields

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Faraday’s law

The emf induced by a changing magnetic flux through a circuit is

………

directly proportional to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit

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What is the photoelectric effect?

Light (of appropriate intensity and frequency)

incident upon a metal ejects a photoelectron

padlet

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Relate wavelength of light to frequency

λ = c / f

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Doppler effect

f’ =

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Rotational kinematics (3 of 3)

Angular momentum of a body - formula
Angular momentum of a particle moving around a point - formula

L = I w
L = p r sin_theta momentum of particle rho x radius x sin..

or more formally by the vector product L = r x p

additional - The direction is given by the right hand rule which would give L the direction out of the diagram. For an orbit, angular momentum isconserved, and this leads to one ofKepler’s laws. For a circular orbit, L becomes L = mvr

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Magnetic force

Magnetic force on a segment of current carrying conductor F =
Torque on a current loop within a uniform magnetic field T =

Study These Flashcards

F = L I B sin θ

_{[L=segment length, I=current, θ= angle between current and magnetic field]}

T = I A B cos Φ

_{^{[A=area of loop, Φ = angle between loop plane and magnetic field]}}

Rotational kinematics (2 of 3)

Rotational kinetic energy - formula
Rotational Work - formula
Rotational Power - formula

Study These Flashcards

K = 1/2 I w² moment of inertia angular velocity omega
W = T x _deltatheta Work = Torque x angular displacement
P = Tw Power = Torque x angular velocity

Kinetic energy formula

K = 1/2 m v²

Momentum - formula Conservation of momentum - formula Impulse = = Collisions - types & formulae

p = m v sum of initial momentum = sum of final momentum Impulse = F _deltat = _deltap Elastic collision (billiard ball) -\> momentum conserved; kinetic energy conserved Inelastic collision (putty) -\> m₁ v₁ + m₁ v₂ = (m₁ + m₂) v_f

Electrical generators and motors 1. How does a generator work? 2. How does a motor work?

1. Generator Mechanical work -\> changes magnetic flux -\> induces emf 2. Motor Electical energy -\> changes magnetic flux -\> mechanical work

Work define in words formula

Work = force x component of displacement in the direction of the force W = (F cos theta) s

Rotational kinematics (1 of 3) 1. rotating object change in angular displacement - formula & units 2. Torque - formula (words and symbols) 3. Moment of inertia - formula & when greater 4. relate torque and angular acceleration

1. theta = arclength / radius radians 2. Torque = F d force x movement arm 3. I = sum m_i r_i² greater when mass further from axis of rotation 4. Torque = moment of inertia x angular acceleration

Wave propogation velocity of sound formula

v = (B / p)1/2 Bulk modulus / rho is density

Fluid mechanics 1. density = 2. pressure = 3. pressure at depth h =

1. p = m/V 2. P = F/A 3. P = atmospheric pressure + pgh

Geometric optics - mirrors 1. focal length of concave and convex mirrors - formula 2. magnitude of lateral magnification M =

1. 1/f = 1/d_i + 1/d_o 2. M = - d_i/d_o = h_i/h_o

Conservation of energy formula

Utotal = initial (K + U) = final (K + U)

Power 1. Definition 2. formula 3. Power in terms of force - formula

1. Rate of energy expenditure OR work done 2. P = Work/t 3. P = F v

Four equations of kinematics one dimension uniform acceleration

s = v₀t + 1/2 at² s = 1/2(v + v₀)t v = v₀ + at v² = v₀² + 2as

Wave superposition beat frequency =

f_b = f₁- f₂

Systems and surroundings Define types of systems and what **can** and **cannot** be transferred to the surroundings

what and **can** be **transferred** to the surroundings **Open** - matter and energy **Closed** - energy **Isolated** - nothing

Flow of an ideal fluid ..... flux formula Ber........ law formula

volume flux A₁V₁ = A₂V₂ Bernouilli's law P + 1/2pv² + pgy = constant Pressure + Kinetic energy + Potential energy = constant

Electricity Gauss's law

Gauss's law - Flux through a closed surface = net enclosed electric charge / permittivity of free space

Elasticity 1. elastic modulus = 2. ..?.. deformation 2a. Young's modulus = 3. shear modulus = 4. bulk modulus =

1. elastic modulus = stress / strain 2. _tensile_ deformation 2a. Young's modulus = (F/A) / (_deltaL/L₀) 3. shear modulus = (F/A) / (_deltax/h) 4. bulk modulus = (F/A) / (_deltaV/V)

The Pendulum Angular frequency =

w = (g / L)^_1/2

PV work 1. explain 2. formula 3. draw PV graph

[webpage LINK](http://wright.nasa.gov/airplane/work2.html)

Magnetic force 1. Force on a particle with velocity perpendicular to a magnetic field F = 2. A particle moving perpendicular to a magnetic field experiences centripital magnetic force leading to uniform circular motion F =

1. F = q v B sin θ _{[= q(v X B) vector cross]} 2. F = qvB = mv²/r _{[sin = 1, solve for r]}

Angular momentum 1. in terms of mass and velocity L = 2. In terms of linear momentum L = 3. In terms of angular velocity L =

L = m v r (v is tangential to r) L = ρ r (ρ is tangential to r) L = m ω r²

Friction forces Types Formulae

Static friction F_smaximum = u_sN (coefficient of static friction mu_s, Normal force) Kinetic friction F_k = u_kN (coefficient of kinetic friction mu_k, Normal force)

Electric potential - voltage 1. Define voltage in words 1a. V = 2. two points in space near a test charge V = 3. between parallel charged plates V =

1. Voltage is the work a field can do on a test charge 1a. V = ΔU / q W/A J/C 2. two points in space near a test charge V = kq [1/r_a - 1/r_b] 3. between parallel charged plates V = Ed

Geometric optics What is Michel van Biezel method for finding where the image is for mirrors and lenses?

1. Draw a horizontal line from the top of the object to the surface and then through the focal point 2. Draw a line from the top of the object through the focal point Continue the lines, where they cross is the top of the object - shows position and inversion

Thermal expansion Linear = Area = Volume =

_deltal = a l_{o delta}T alpha is coefficient of linear expansion _deltaA = 2a A_o _deltaT _deltaV = 3a V_{o delta}T

Black body what is the emissivity of a perfect black body radiator? ε =

ε = 1

Classical fundamental forces How many Names Formulae

Gravitational force F = G m₁m₂ / r² Electrostatic force F = k q₁ q₂ / r² Magnetic force F = q B v sin theta

Inductance How do inductors work?

On switch on it takes time for current to reach maximum. The back emf initially opposes the applied voltage

Heat engine 1. Diagramatically represent a heat engine 2. What is the work you get out of a heat engine =

2. The amount of work you get out of a heat engine is W = Qhigh - Qlow [webpage LINK](http://labman.phys.utk.edu/phys136/modules/m3/heatpump.htm)

SI derived units Name, units, what it is for : eg kg = kilogram, kg, mass N Pa J W C F V

Heat capacity Define specific heat Define Molar heat

Specific heat c Q = m c _deltaT c joules per gram to raise 1^o Kelvin Molar heat capacity C Q = n C _deltaT C joules per mol to raise 1^o Kelvin

Kepler's laws of planetary motion Name and describe in words

Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun First law - the **Orbital** rule The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci. Second law - the **Area** rule A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. Third law - the **Period** rule The **square** of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the **cube** of the **semi-major axis** of its orbit.

acceleration in uniform circular motion formula name direction

a = v² / r Centripital acceleration to centre

Physics Flashcards

(56 cards)