Physics Flashcards
1
Q
Formula for average speed
A
S = distance / time
Note: Involves NO Derivatives/Differentiation
2
Q
Formula for average velocity
A
V = displacement(vector) / time
Note: Involves NO Derivatives/Differentiation
3
Q
Formula for instantaneous speed
A
| Note: Involves NO Derivatives/Differentiation
V(instantaneous) |
4
Q
Formula for instantaneous velocity
A
dx / dt
5
Q
Formula for average accelaration
A
A = ΔV/ Δt
Note: Involves NO Derivatives/Differentiation
6
Q
Formula for instantaneous acceleration
A
A = dV / dt
7
Q
Formula for Jerk
A
Jerk = da / dt
8
Q
Formula for Jounce
A
Jounce = d(Jerk) / dt
9
Q
Is acceleration scalar or vector?
A
Either
10
Q
Newton’s First Law
A
states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
11
Q
Newton’s Second Law
A
a non-zero net force on an object causes acceleration
12
Q
Newton’s Third Law
A
an action has an equal and opposite reaction
13
Q
Unit of Newton
A
1 N = 1 kg.m/s^2
14
Q
Unit of dyne
A
1 dyne = 1 g.cm/s^2
15
Q
Unit of pound force
A
1 lb.f = 1 slug.ft/s^2
16
Q
He stated that “ a falling object, regardless of mass will fall with constant acceleration”
A
Galileo Galilei
17
Q
Universal gravitational constant
A
G = 6.67 x 10^-11 Nm^2 / kg^2
18
Q
Centripetal acceleration formula
A
A = v^2 / R R = radius of motion
19
Q
Centripetal force formula
A
F = m (v^2 / R ) R = radius of motion
20
Q
Angular speed of a circular motion
A
w = 2 π f = v / R
21
Q
It is force normal to circular path and is a real force
A
Centripetal Force
22
Q
so called Imaginary Force
A
Centrifugal Force
23
Q
Activity involving force and movement
A
Work
24
Q
Is work a scalar or vector
A
Scalar
25
Formula for work
```
W = f · d · cos(θ)
W = f · d
W = ΔKE = - ΔPE
KE = kinetic energy
PE = Potential energy
```
26
Unit of erg
1 erg = 1 dyne.cm
27
Unit of pound foot
1 lb.ft = 1 lbf . ft
28
Rate of doing work
POWEEEEERRRRRR!
29
Formula of Power
```
P = W / t
W = work
```
30
Is power a scalar or vector
Scalar
31
Unit of Watt
1 watt = 1 J/s = 1 N.m/s
32
Unit of horsepower
1 hp = 746 watts = 550 ft.lb / s
33
Capacity to do work
Energy
34
Is energy a scalar or vector
Scalar
35
Formula for kinetic energy
KE = 1/2 m·v^2
36
Formula for potential energy
PE = mgh
37
Formula for rotational kinetic energy
```
KE = 1/2 I x w^2
I = inertia
w = angular velocity
```
38
Unit of Joule
1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kg.m^2/s^2
39
States that "energy is neither created nor destroyed in an Isolated system"
Law of conservation of energy
40
Formula for Law of conservation of energy
PEi + KEi + KE(rotational)i = PEf + KEf + KE(rotational)f
41
It is the amount of motion
Momentum
42
It is the change in momentum
Impulse
43
Is momentum scalar or vector
Vector
44
Is Impulse scalar or vector
Vector
45
Formula for Momentum
p = m · v (N.s)
46
Formula for Impulse
```
J = Δp = m·ΔV) = F· Δt
p = momentum
```
47
the total momentum at all times is constant
Conservation of momentum
48
Formula for conservation of momentum
(m1·v1)i + (m2·v2)i = (m1·v1)f + (m2·v2)f
49
The kinetic energy and momentum is conserved
Elastic
50
when momentum is only conserve or energy is lost through heat, light, sound and etc
Inelastic
51
bodies merge after collision
Perfectly Inelastic
52
is the ratio of the final to initial velocity difference between two objects after they collide
Coefficient of restitution
53
Formula Coefficient of restitution
e = - (v2a - v2b) / (v1a - v1b) = sqrt(h(bounce)/h(initial))
54
If the coefficient of restitution is equal to 1
Perfect Elastic
55
If the coefficient of restitution is equal to 0
Perfect Inelastic
56
Formula for force on a spring
F =-kx
| k=spring's constant (N/m)
57
Formula for Period of mass on a spring
T = 2·π· sqrt(m/k)
| k=spring's constant (N/m)
58
Formula for angular velocity on a spring
w = sqrt(k/m)
59
Formula for period of the pendulum
```
T = 2·π·sqrt(L/g)
L= length of the string
g = gravity
```
60
Formula for period of Torsional pendulum
T = 2·π·sqrt( I / K )
I - Moment of Inertia
K - Torsional Constant
61
Wave Intensity of a mechanical wave
I = 2 · π^2 · v · ρ · f^2 · (Amplitude in meters)^2
62
Speed of propagation of a Transverse Wave
v = sqrt( T / (mu))
T - tension
(mu) - mass per unit length (kg / m)
63
Speed of propagation of a longitudinal wave
v = sqrt( E / (ρ))
E - Modulus of elasticity
(ρ) - density (Kg / m^3)
64
Modulus of elasticity(E) of Steel
E(steel) = 200GPa
65
A Mechanical wave where Propagation of the wave is parallel to the displacement of medium
Longitudinal Wave
66
A Mechanical wave where Propagation of the wave is perpendicular to the displacement of medium
Transverse Wave
67
Sound is a (Transverse/Longitudinal) Wave
Longitudinal
68
Speed of sound in Fluids (given Bulk Modulus and density)
v(fluid) = sqrt (β / ρ)
B - Bulk Modulus (in Pascals)
ρ - Density (in kg/m^3)
69
Speed of sound in Fluids (given pressure and density)
v(fluid) = sqrt (P·γ / ρ)
P - Pressure (in Pascals)
ρ - Density (in kg/m^3)
γ-Adiabatic Constant:
γ = 1.4 (diatomic)
γ = 1.67 (monoatomic)
70
Speed of sound in Fluids (given Temperature and Molar Mass)
v(fluid) = sqrt (γ·R·T / MM)
R - Universal Gas Constant (USE 8.314 J / Mol · K)
T - Temperature in Kelvin
MM - Molar mass
γ-Adiabatic Constant:
γ = 1.4 (diatomic)
γ = 1.67 (monoatomic)
71
Sound with a frequency below 20 Hz
Infrasound
72
Sound with a frequency above 20 KHz
Ultrasound
73
The energy Transferred per unit area and per unit time through sound
Sound Intensity
74
Lowest Intensity Perceptible to Human Ear
1 x 10^-12 W/m^2
75
another term for Lowest Intensity Perceptible to Human Ear
Threshold of Hearing
76
Formula for Sound intensity in dB
Intensity(dB) = 10 log ( (Intensity) / (1 x10^-12))
77
Threshold of Hearing in dB
0 dB
78
Intensity of Whisper in dB
20 dB
79
Intensity of Normal Conversation in dB
60 dB
80
Intensity of Street Traffic in dB
70 dB
81
Intensity of Large Orchestra in dB
100 dB
82
Intensity of Rock Concert in dB
110 dB
83
Intensity of Threshold of Pain in dB
130 dB
84
Intensity of Preforation of Eardrum in dB
160 dB
85
an increase (or decrease) in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move toward (or away from) each other
Doppler Effect
86
Formula for Doppler Effect
F(obs) =Fs · (V +- V(obs))/(V =- V(source))
V = Speed of sound
V(obs) = speed of observer
V(source) = speed of source
87
Formula of Speed of sound at a given temperature
```
V = 331 + 0.6 (T)
T = temperature in Celcius
```
88
Mnemonic for Doppler Effect
OPT - Observer Positive Towards
| SPA - Source Positive Away
89
is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction
Snell's Law
90
Formula for Snell's Law
n1·sin(theta1) = n2·sin(theta2)
91
What property does not change when the velocity of a wave changes
Frequency
92
Index of Refraction Formula
```
n = c / v
c = speed of light
v = speed of medium
```
93
Range of visibility of a human
400 nm to 750 nm
94
Range of UV
below 400 nm
95
Range of IR
above 750 nm
96
What happens when light enters from a low index of refraction to a high index of refraction
light bends towards normal
97
What happens when light enters from a high index of refraction to a low index of refraction
light bends away normal
98
angle of incident ray that causes 90 degrees refraction angle
Critical Angle
99
Index refraction of water
n = 1.33
100
Index refraction of glass
n = 1.5
101
Amount of visible radiation passing per unit of time
Luminous Flux
102
SI unit of flux emitted by a point source of 1 candela through an angle of 1 steradian
Lumen
103
the solid angle that subtends an area of a surface on a sphere equal to r^2
Steradian
104
Formula for luminous flux
F(lumen) = I(candela) · w(steradian)
105
Formula for total luminous flux
F = 4·π · I(candela)
106
Solid angle of an entire sphere
4·π Steradians
107
Luminous Flux is analogous to
Magnetic Flux
108
Luminous flux per unit area expressed in lux
Illuminance (lumens/sq. ft)
109
Formula for Illuminance (E)
```
E = F(lumen) / Area
E = (I(candela) / d^2)·cos(theta)
```
110
Luminous intensity per unit area
Luminance ( cd/ m^2 )
111
Formula for Luminance
B = I(candela) / Area
112
The image formed by a Plane Mirror is (Virtual/Real, Upright/Inverted, Left-Right Retained/Left-Right reversal, Same/Different Size, Same/Not Same Distance)?
- Virtual
- Upright
- Left-Right Reversal
- Same Size
- Same Distance
113
A Convex mirror is (Converging/Diverging)?
Diverging (-f)
114
A Concave mirror is (Converging/Diverging)?
Converging (+f)
115
The image formed by a Concave mirror when the object is BEYOND the focal point is (Virtual/Real, Upright/Inverted, Magnified/Unmagnified)?
- Real
- Inverted
- Unmagnified
116
The image formed by a Concave mirror when the object is AT the focal point is (Virtual/Real, Upright/Inverted, Magnified/Unmagnified)?
No Image
117
The image formed by a Concave mirror when the object is WITHIN the focal point is (Virtual/Real, Upright/Inverted, Magnified/Unmagnified)?
- Virtual
- Upright
- Magnified
118
The Object Distance (p) for the Mirror/Lens Equation is Always (Positive/Negative)
Positive
119
The sign of Image Distance (q) for the Mirror/Lens Equation when the Image is Real
Positive
120
The sign of Image Distance (q) for the Mirror/Lens Equation when the Image is Virtual
Negative
121
The sign of Focal length (f) for the Mirror/Lens Equation when a Mirror/Lens is Converging
Positive
122
The sign of Focal length (f) for the Mirror/Lens Equation when a Mirror/Lens is Diverging
Negative
123
Formula for Focal Length
f = focal length = (Radius of curvature of lens/mirror) / 2
124
Formula for the Mirror/Lens Equation
```
1/f = 1/p +1/q
f = focal length = (Radius of curvature of lens/mirror) / 2
p = Object Distance
q = image Distance
```
125
Formula for Magnification (m)
m = -(Image Height) / (Object Height)
126
Sign of Magnification (m) if image is upright with respect to the object
Positive
127
Sign of Magnification if image is Inverted with respect to the object
Negative
128
For Mirrors, Location of Image with respect to the observing object when image is REAL
Image and object are located at the same side of a mirror
129
For Mirrors, Location of Image with respect to the observing object when image is VIRTUAL
The image and object are located at Opposing sides of the mirror
130
The Image Formed by a Convex Mirror is always (Virtual/Real, Upright/Inverted, Bigger/Smaller)
- Virtual
- Upright
- Smaller Image
131
FOR BOTH MIRROR AND LENS:
If an Image is (Upright/Inverted), it is also a (Virtual/Real) Image. What two Confgurations of this statement are always true?
- Upright And Virtual
| - Real And Inverted
132
A Convex lens is (Converging/Diverging)?
Converging (+f)
133
A Concave lens is (Converging/Diverging)?
Diverging (-f)
134
Are the magnitude and Focal Length formulas for mirrors apliccable to lenses as well?
yasssssssssss
135
The image formed by a Convex Lens (Increases/Decreases) in Image height when the object BEYOND a point that is twice the distance of the focal point (2f) approaches that point
Increases
136
When the object is at a point that is twice the distance of the focal point (2f), The image formed by a Convex Lens has an Image height that is equal to?
Image Height = Object Height
137
The image formed by a Convex Lens (Increases/Decreases) in Image height when the object BETWEEN a point that is twice the distance of the focal point (2f) and the focal point (f), approaches the focal point (f)
Increases (Approaches infinity)
138
When the object is at the focal point (f), The image formed by a Convex Lens is ______?
Non-existent (No image is formed)
139
The image formed by a Convex lens when the object is WITHIN the focal point is (Virtual/Real, Upright/Inverted, Magnified/Unmagnified, Same-Side/Opposite Side of object)?
- Virtual
- Upright
- Magnified
- Same Side of Object
140
Formula for the Strength of Lens (P)
```
P = 1 / (+-f)
f = Focal Length (in Meters)
```
141
Formula for the Strength of Lens (P) when more than one lens is used
P(total) = P1 +P2 + ...
142
Formula for the Lensmaker Equation
1/f = (n - 1) [1 / ( +- R1) + 1 / ( +- R2)]
f - focal length of compounded lens
n - Index of Refraction of material used
R1 & R2 -Radii of lenses
143
Lensmaker Equation: R1 and R2 Sign Convention
R1 and R2 are individually evaluated:
POSITIVE if Lens of that specific R is convex
NEGATIVE if Lens of that specific R is concave
144
A Concave lens always has an (Upright/Inverted , Real/Virtual) Image
- Upright
| - Virtual
145
Property of lenses that is opposite in a mirror
Answer:
The Convention Of whether the image is Virtual or Real
It is based on:
if the Image and Object is on the same side of the LENS, the image is VIRTUAL
if the Image and Object is on opposing sides of the LENS, the Image is REAL
As opposed to a mirror:
if the Image and Object is on the same side of the MIRROR, the image is REAL
if the Image and Object is on opposing sides of the MIRROR, the Image is VIRTUAL
146
Does the sign of a virtual or real image distance remain the same for both mirrors and lenses?
YASSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
(q) - is the image distance
q is always positive when real image
q is always negative when virtual image
147
The Ratio of a fluid's Density Compared to ρwater @ 4 Celcius
Specific Gravity
148
Specific Gravity of Air
0.0013 Unitless
149
Specific Gravity of Copper
8.79 Unitless
150
Another term for Specific Gravity
Relative Gravity
151
Formula for Specific Gravity
SG = (ρ liquid) / (ρ water)
152
The reciprocal of Density
Specific Volume
153
Formula for Specific Volume
SV = 1 / ρ = V /m
V - Volume
m - mass
154
The product of Density and the gravitational constant (g)
Specific Weight γ
155
Formula for Specific Weight γ
SW(γ) = ρ g (in N/m^3)
156
a property analogous to the modulus of elasticity, but is for fluids
Bulk Modulus (unit in Pa)
157
the Reciprocal of the Bulk Modulus
Compressibility ( unit in 1/kPa)
158
A perpendicular force per unit area of a fluid exerted on a surface of an object, in which the object displaces a volume of that fluid
Pressure
159
Formula for Pressure of a Submerged object in a fluid
P(submerge) = P(@surface of fluid) + ρ(g)(d)
g - gravitational acceleration
d - distance of submersion of an object with respect to the fluid surface
ρ-density of object, not the fluid
160
Formula for Gauge Pressure
P(gauge) = P(absolute) - P(atmosphere)
161
A device that measures the difference in pressure
Manometer
162
A device that measures atmospheric pressure
Barometer
163
The set of laws that dictate the planetary motions of the solar system in 1600s
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
164
Kepler's First Law
(Law of Ellipses)
Planets move in ellipses, with the sun as a common focus
165
Kepler's Second Law
(Law of Equal Areas)
A Line from a planet to the sun sweeps over an equal amount of area in equal increments of time
166
Kepler's Third Law
(Law of Harmonics)
(Period)^2 is proportional to (mean distance to the sun)^3
167
Orbital Speed of the Earth
30 Km / s
168
1 atm converted into:
```
Pa
mmHg
Torr
Bar
PSI (lb/in^2)
```
1 atm is equal to:
```
101325 Pa
760 mmHg
760 Torr
1.013 Bar
14.7 PSI (lb/in^2)
```
