Physics and Astronomy Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Name the 8 types of stars in order
A
- Red Giants
- Planetary Nebulae
- White Dwarfs
- Black Dwarfs
- Supergiants
- Supernova
- Neutron Stars
- Blackholes
2
Q
Define Nuclear Fusion
A
The process in which hydrogen is converted into helium to produce light and heat
3
Q
Define Plasma
A
Positively charged ions and free electrons
4
Q
Name the four Gas Giant planets and what they are
A
Neptune Uranus Jupiter Saturn Gas Giant planets are made up of light elements to stay away from the sun
5
Q
What is a Terrestrial planet?
A
Made from heavier elements gathered close to the sun. Mercury Venus Earth Mars
6
Q
What are the two categories of the structure of planets?
A
Terrestrial (Rocky)
Gas Giants
7
Q
What colour do stars with a cooler surface temperature have?
A
Red
8
Q
What instrument is used to measure force?
A
A forcemeter
9
Q
What is the SI unit of force?
A
The Newton
10
Q
What is Astronomy?
A
Astronomy is the study of stars. Astra meaning star and onomy meaning the study of.
11
Q
Who developed the Laws of Motion?
A
Sir Issac Newton
12
Q
What colour do stars with warmer surface temperatures have?
A
Ultraviolet - Blue
13
Q
What is the Brightness of stars referred to as?
A
Magnitude
14
Q
What is distance measured in?
A
Light-years (l.y)
15
Q
What is One Light-year (l.y) equivalent to?
A
1 Year
16
Q
What determines a star’s colour?
A
Surface Temperature
17
Q
Name the properties of Red Giants
A
- Formed when hydrogen runs out, causing to get small and cool outer layers
- Small, dense, large, cool outer atmosphere
- 100 Million Years
18
Q
Name the properties of Planetary Nebulae
A
- Red Giants run out of helium, star collapses becoming gas cloud - Planetary nebulae
- Hot, emits Ultraviolet light
19
Q
Name the properties of White Dwarfs
A
- 20,000 years Planetary Nebulae disperse showing hot, dense sphere…
20
Q
Name the properties of Black Dwarfs
A
- Nuclear Fusion no longer occurring on White Dwarfs
- Fade over time to become Black Dwarfs
- Black Dwarfs cold, dark matter
21
Q
Name the properties of Supergiants
A
- Massive stars called blue supergiants & have different life cycle to other stars
- Consume hydrogen quickly, in millions not billions of years
- When fuel is used, Spectacular Transformation occurs, causing, Supernova
22
Q
Name the properties of Supernova
A
- Fusion finished, outer layer reaches solid core
- Matter rebounded in explosion
- Supernova x100 million brighter
23
Q
Name the properties of Neutron Stars
A
- Supernova 1.4-3 times mass material of sun
- Gravitational forces strong enough causing atom structures to break down
- Electrons, protons combine to form neutrons
- Has enormous density since entire mass compressed into sphere about 10-15km
24
Q
Name the properties of Black Holes
A
- Remnants of Supernova more than x3 mass of sun, neutron star not form
- Star shrinks into singularity/Black hole
- Black Holes do not emit visible light
- Found on effect of other stars
- Star material can be stripped off if near Black Hole
25
Define Galaxies
Milky Way made up by distant stars. Theory confirmed when telescope was invented. The Milky Way is one of billions of galaxies in the observable universe
26
What is the Steady State Model?
Theory suggests the universe is infinite in extent and has always existed in the same way today. This theory was rejected by scientists in the 1970's
27
What is The Big Bang Theory?
First evidence to undermine The Steady State Model
28
What did Edward Hubbles Discover?
The universe was expanding due to the Red Shift
29
What is the Red Shift?
Light from stars moving away from us will be compressed & therefore appear more red than they should
30
What is the Blue Shift?
Light from stars moving towards us will be compressed & therefore appear more blue than they should
31
Define the Doppler Effect
Waves produced by moving source are either lengthened or shortened due to motion of the source
32
Provide an example of the Doppler Effect
The sudden change of pitch in a passing siren. - Emergency siren coming from an ambulance or police car
33
All planets have moons, except for which two?
Mercury and Venus
34
How did the moon form?
The theory states that Earth was stuck by planet - Theia, 500 million years ago. During Impact, large pieces of Earth's outer layer were thrown into space forming the moon
35
Define Displacement
The straight line distance between finishing and starting points
36
Formula for calculating distance
```
Distance = Speed x Time
x = vt
```
37
Emily rides her bike to the gym with a constant speed of 6km/h. It takes 0.5 hours to get there. How far away is the gym?
= 6km/h x 0.5h = 3
| A. 3km
38
Define Speed
A measure of how quickly something moves
39
Distance Formula
speed x time = x = vt
40
Average Speed Formula
total distance travelled v = x
----------------------------------- -----
total time taken t
41
Average Velocity Formula
displacement
---------------------
time
42
Gradient Formula
Rise
-------
Run
43
Acceleration Formula
changes in speed = final speed (v) - initial speed (u)
---------------------------- ------------------------------------------------
time taken time taken (t)
44
Work Done Formula
forced applied x distance moved ( in the distance of force)
| = W = F x d
45
Power Formula
work done
----------------
time
46
Newton's Second Law Formula
```
Force = m x a
Acceleration = f / m
Mass = f / a
```
47
What is Main Sequence?
A group of stars running on a line from the top left to the bottom right of the H-R diagram
48
Define Gravity
The force that causes all matter to collect together
49
Define Red Giant
A star produced when the core of a sun-sized star runs of hydrogen
50
Define Planetary Nebula
A cloud of gas produced when red giants run out of fuel
51
Define White Dwarf
Hot, dense star that is the remains of a red giant
52
Define Black Dwarf
Cold, dark remains of a white dwarf
53
Define Blue Supergiants
Stars that are ten or more times more massive of the sun
54
Displacement
a measurement of change in position of a moving body; a straight line connecting the start and end points is specified in terms of length and direction
55
Distance
a measurement of how far apart objects are
56
Error
the difference between the value that is measured and the actual measurement
57
Gradient
Slope of a hill of a graph: Gradient = Rise
---------
Run
58
Instantaneous Speed
the speed of an object at a particular moment
59
Precision
How close measured values are to each other
60
Random Error
Error that changes
61
Reaction distance
Distance moved while reacting to an emergency
62
Reaction time
the length of time it takes a driver to respond to a hazard
63
Scalar Quantity
a quantity, such as distance or time that has size but not direction
64
Speed
The rate of change of distance
65
Systematic Error
error that always differs by the same amount
66
Vector Quantity
a quantity, such as displacement or velocity, that has size and direction
67
Velocity
The rate of change of displacement
68
Acceleration
Rate of change of velocity
69
Air Resistance
Friction between the air and a moving object
70
Terminal Velocity
The final velocity that an object falls with no further acceleration possible due to air resistance
71
Inertia
The tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion
72
Newton's First Law of Motion
an object at rest will remain this way unless it is acted upon by an unbalanced force; an object that is moving will continue to move in the same manner unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
73
Newton's Second Law of Motion
an object will accelerate in the direction of an unbalanced force acting upon it such as that F net = m x a
74
Newton's Third Law of Motion
for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
75
Efficiency
a measure of the useful energy output of an energy transfer
76
Elastic Potential Energy
energy stored in a stretched or compressed material, such as a spring or elastic band
77
Gravitational Potential Energy
the potential energy possessed by an object due to its position above the ground
78
Kinetic Energy
the energy of a moving body
79
Law of Conservation of Energy
energy may be transferred but never created or destroyed
80
Potential Energy
energy possessed by an object because of its position or structure, also called stored energy
81
Power
the rate at which work is done; measured in Watts (W)
82
Work
the energy transferred by a force that acts over a certain distance; measured in Joules (J)
83
Absolute Magnitude
a measure of how bright a star would appear if it was 10 parsecs from Earth
84
Apparent Magnitude
a measure of the brightness of a star as it appears to an observer on earth
85
Blue Supergiants
stars that are ten or more times more massive than the Sun
86
Binary Star System
when two stars orbit a common centre of mass
87
Black Dwarf
cold, dark remains of a white dwarf
88
Parsec
an astronomical unit of length equal to 3.26 light-years
