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Physics Electricity Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

What does electric charge indicate?

A

If a body has an excess or deficiency of electrons.

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2
Q

What is one Coulomb?

A

Amount of charge passing a point when 1 A flows for 1 second.

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3
Q

What is the charge on 1 electron?

A

Approximately -1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.

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4
Q

What is a conductor?

A

A substance through which electric charge can flow.

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5
Q

What is an insulator?

A

A substance through which electric charge cannot flow.

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6
Q

What is electric current?

A

Total charge passing a point in a given time.

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7
Q

What is an ampere?

A

The constant current that produces a force of 2 × 10⁻⁷ N/m between two infinite, parallel conductors 1 m apart.

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8
Q

What is point discharge?

A

Ions in air are strongly attracted or repelled from a charged pointed conductor.

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9
Q

What is electric wind?

A

Produced by ions streaming away from a charged point.

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10
Q

What is Coulomb’s Law?

A

Force ∝ (product of charges)/(distance)².

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11
Q

What is permittivity?

A

A measure of how a material responds to an electric field.

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12
Q

What is an electric field?

A

Region where electric charges experience a force.

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13
Q

What are electric field lines?

A

Lines showing the direction a positive charge would move.

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14
Q

What is electric field strength?

A

Force per unit positive charge at a point.

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15
Q

What is potential difference (V)?

A

Work done per unit charge moved.

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16
Q

What is electromotive force (emf)?

A

A source of voltage applied to a circuit.

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17
Q

What is a primary cell?

A

Converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

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18
Q

What is capacitance?

A

Charge stored per volt applied (C = Q/V).

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19
Q

What is a capacitor?

A

Device that stores electric charge.

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20
Q

What is electric current (I)?

A

Flow of electric charge.

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21
Q

What are the chemical effects of current?

A

Electrolysis and electroplating.

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22
Q

What are the magnetic effects of current?

A

Used in electromagnets and MCBs.

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23
Q

What are the heating effects of current?

A

Causes wires (e.g. in bulbs) to heat up.

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24
Q

What is Joule’s Law?

A

Heat ∝ I² when resistance is constant.

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25
What is the purpose of the earth wire?
Conducts current to earth to prevent electrocution.
26
What is a fuse?
Wire that melts when current is too high.
27
What are miniature circuit breakers (MCBs)?
Switches that trip when current is too high, faster and reusable compared to fuses.
28
What are residual current devices (RCDs)?
Cut off current quickly if a small current flows to earth.
29
What is a kilowatt-hour?
Energy used by a 1000 W appliance in 1 hour.
30
What is resistance?
Ratio of voltage to current (R = V/I).
31
What is a resistor?
Device converting electrical energy to other forms.
32
What is a variable resistor?
Rheostat – allows current control.
33
What is Ohm’s Law?
Current ∝ voltage if physical conditions are constant.
34
What is power (P)?
Energy used or generated per second.
35
What is resistivity?
Resistance × cross-sectional area ÷ length.
36
What is a semiconductor?
Material with resistivity between conductor and insulator.
37
What is intrinsic conduction?
Charge movement in pure semiconductors.
38
What is extrinsic conduction?
Charge movement in doped semiconductors.
39
What is doping?
Adding atoms to increase conductivity.
40
What is an n-type semiconductor?
Doping adds electrons.
41
What is a p-type semiconductor?
Doping creates holes.
42
What is a diode?
Allows current to flow one way only.
43
What is an LDR?
Resistor whose resistance decreases in light.
44
What is a thermistor?
Resistor whose resistance decreases with heat.
45
What is magnetism?
Force from moving electric charges.
46
What is a magnetic field?
Area where magnetic forces act.
47
What are magnetic field lines?
Direction a north pole would move.
48
What is magnetic declination?
Angle between magnetic and geographic north.
49
What is magnetic flux density?
Force per unit current per unit length.
50
What is electromagnetic induction?
EMF induced by changing magnetic flux.
51
What is magnetic flux?
Magnetic field × area.
52
What is Faraday’s Law?
Induced emf ∝ rate of change of flux.
53
What is Lenz’s Law?
Induced emf opposes the change causing it.
54
What is induced emf in a solenoid?
EMF generated by changing flux through coil.
55
What is alternating current?
Current that periodically reverses.
56
What is direct current?
Constant one-way current.
57
What is RMS voltage/current?
Effective value of AC.
58
What is mutual induction?
Changing field in one coil induces emf in another.
59
What is a transformer?
Device that changes AC voltage.
60
What is self induction?
Coil induces emf in itself from changing current.
61
What is an inductor?
Device that resists change in current by inducing emf.
62
What is thermionic emission?
Emission of electrons from hot metal.
63
What is the work function?
Minimum energy to remove an electron from metal.
64
What is a cathode ray tube?
Vacuum tube emitting electron beam.
65
What are X-rays?
High-frequency EM radiation from fast electrons hitting metal.
66
What is an X-ray tube?
Device producing X-rays.
67
What is the photoelectric effect?
Electron emission from light hitting metal.
68
What is a photon?
Packet of EM energy.
69
What is Einstein’s photoelectric law?
Photon energy (E = hf) must exceed work function to emit electrons.
70
What is threshold frequency?
Minimum light frequency for photoelectric effect.
71
What is a photocell?
Device that detects light using photoelectric effect.
72
What was Rutherford’s gold foil experiment?
Alpha particles mostly passed through, some deflected — led to nuclear model.
73
What is a proton?
Positively charged particle in the nucleus.
74
What is a neutron?
Neutral particle in the nucleus, slightly heavier than a proton.
75
What is atomic number (Z)?
Number of protons.
76
What is mass number (A)?
Protons + neutrons.
77
What are isotopes?
Atoms with same Z but different A.
78
What is radioactivity?
Spontaneous emission of particles/radiation from nucleus.
79
What is radiation?
Emission of matter/energy.
80
What is ionisation?
Atom gains/loses electrons, becoming charged.
81
What is penetration?
Distance radiation travels through material.
82
What is a radioisotope?
Unstable isotope that emits radiation.
83
What is a G-M tube?
Detects radiation.
84
What is a solid-state detector?
Semiconductor-based radiation detector.
85
What is alpha emission?
Helium nucleus emitted.
86
What is beta emission?
Electron emitted when neutron turns into proton.
87
What is gamma emission?
High energy photon from unstable nucleus.
88
What is activity (A)?
Rate of radioactive decay.
89
What is the law of radioactive decay?
Decay rate ∝ number of undecayed nuclei.
90
What is half-life?
Time for half the nuclei to decay.
91
What is nuclear fission?
Splitting a large nucleus into smaller ones with energy release.
92
What is a chain reaction?
Neutrons from fission trigger further fission.
93
What is critical mass?
Minimum mass for a self-sustaining chain reaction.
94
What is nuclear fusion?
Joining small nuclei into a larger one with energy release.
95
What is background radiation?
Radiation from natural sources.
96
What is a mole?
Contains Avogadro’s number (6.02 × 10²³) of particles.
97
What is molar mass?
Mass of one mole of substance in grams.
98
What is a neutrino?
Nearly massless neutral particle from beta decay.
99
What is antimatter?
Matter made of antiparticles.
100
What is a positron?
Antiparticle of electron.
101
What happens in proton-proton collisions?
New particles are produced.
102
What is pair production?
Photon creates electron-positron pair.
103
What is pair annihilation?
Electron + positron → 2 gamma photons.
104
What are the fundamental forces?
Strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational — each with different strength and range.
105
What is a lepton?
Point-like particle, not affected by strong force (e.g., electron, neutrino).
106
What is a hadron?
Particle affected by strong force (e.g., protons, neutrons).
107
What is a baryon?
Hadron made of 3 quarks (e.g., proton).
108
What is a meson?
Hadron made of a quark and an antiquark.
109
What are quarks?
Fundamental particles building hadrons.

French Verbs (22 decks)

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