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Physics Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is work done ?

A

whenever a force moves something over a distance

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2
Q

What is power ?

A

Rate of transfer of energy

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3
Q

Why is energy wasted ?

A

due to friction between moving parts

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4
Q

What happens to wasted energy ?

A

Energy transferred to thermal energy-> rise in temperature-> energy dissipated

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5
Q

What are contact forces ?

A

if 2 objects need to touch for the forces to act

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6
Q

What are non contact forces ?

A

Forces act on objects which aren’t touching

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7
Q

What are some contact forces ?

A

• friction
• normal contact
• tension
• air resistance

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8
Q

What are some non contact forces ?

A

• gravity
• electrostatic
• magnetism

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9
Q

What is an action & reaction pair ?

A

• 2 forces on different objects
• same type of force

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10
Q

What is a balanced pair ?

A

• 2 forces on same object
• can be different type of forces

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11
Q

What is series circuits ?

A

• components connected in single loop
• current only has 1 path to flow along

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12
Q

What is parallel circuits ?

A

• components connected in multiple loops
• current has multiple paths to flow

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13
Q

What are the 2 conditions for electric current to flow ?

A

• must be source of p.d.
• must be complete circuit

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14
Q

What is the rule for current, resistance & p.d. In series circuit ?

A

• current same everywhere
• resistance added for total
• p.d. Shared between components

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What is rule for current, resistance, p.d. For parallel circuits ?

A

• current adds on branches & splits to go along each branch
• total resistance decreases when branch added
• p.d. Same everywhere

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17
Q

What does the I-V graph for ohmic resistors show ?

A

• current directly proportional to p.d.
• resistance same at all p.d.

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18
Q

What does the I-V graph for filament lamps show ?

A

• as p.d. Increases-> current increase
• current isn’t directly proportional to p.d.
• as p.d. Increases-> gradient less steeper-> resistance increases

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19
Q

Why does the increase in resistance occur when p.d. increases (bulb) ?

A

• temperature of wire inside bulb become hotter as current through it increases-> as wire becomes hotter-> atoms vibrate more & electrons collide with ions more frequently-> slows down current-> bulb has higher resistance when it is hot

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20
Q

What does the I-V graph for diodes show ?

A

• when p.d is negative-> no current
• flat gradient-> very high resistance
• as current increases-> resistance decreases

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21
Q

What does the I-V graph for LDRs show ?

A

• gradient is greater at higher light intensities bc resistance is smaller

22
Q

What does the I-V graph for thermistors show ?

A

• resistance decreases as temperature increases
• gradient is greater at higher light intensities temperature corresponding to lower resistancr

23
Q

What is the heating effect of current ?

A

• current flows through resistor-> electrons collide with cations in lattice-> energy transferred-> heats up resistor-> energy dissipated as thermal energy into surroundings

24
Q

What are the uses of heating effect ?

A

• fuses-> melt when current is too high-> break circuit
• filament lamps-> metal wire heats up-> electrons gain energy-> excited-> emit light

25
How can we reduce unwanted beefy transfers in circuits ?
• use low resistance wires such as: - copper used-> low resistance - shorter wire-> lower resistance - thicker wire-> smaller resistance has more cross-sectional area. for current to flow
26
What is AC current ?
• current flow constantly changes direction • p.d. Changes
27
What is DC current ?
• current flows in 1 direction • p.d. Is constant
28
What is live wire ?
• brown • 230 V • carries current that alternated between + & -
29
What is neutral wire ?
• blue • 0 V • completes circuit
30
What is earth wire ?
• yellow & green • 0 V • safety wire needed to earth appliances with metal case to make it safer to touch appliance
31
What are the characteristics of uniform magnetic field ?
• between 2 flat magnets • parallel • same distance apart • same strength
32
What is a permanent magnet ?
• produce their own magnetic field • bar magnet
33
What is an induced magnet ?
• only produce magnetic field when in another magnetic field • paper clip
34
How to test if an object is permanent magnet ?
• it should be both attracted & repelled to poles of another magnet • if induced-> always be attracted to magnet
35
How to test if object is induced magnet ?
• take away from permanent magnet & it won’t be attracted to other magnetic material
36
How is the strength of magnetic field around solenoid increased ?
• increasing number of turns of wire • increasing current in wire • putting magnetic core in centre
37
What happens when a wire with current flowing through is near a magnet ?
• magnetic field of wire interacts with magnetic field of magnet & wire experiences force
38
What is electromagnetic induction ?
When magnetic field in wire changes-> p.d created across wire
39
How is magnitude of current increased ?
• moving magnet faster • using stronger magnet • increasing number of turns per unit length on coil of wire
40
What are the 2 ways p.d. Can be induced ?
• p.d induced in coil of wire by moving magnet into or out from coil • holding magnet still but moving wire in magnetic field
41
How can AC current be induced ?
• rotating magnet in coil of wire or rotating coil of wire in fixed magnetic field
42
What is the direction of induced current ?
• magnetic field from induced current opposes change causing current
43
How do transformers work ?
• alternating p.d supplied to primary coil-> AC in primary coil produces alternating magnetic field-> iron magnetised & demagnetised as magnetic field from coil changes-> secondary coil is in changing magnetic field so alternating p.d is induced
44
What happens when substances are heated regarding energy ?
• change state-> energy absorbed used to break bonds between particles-> increase potential energy of particles-> when state changing, temperature stays same bc KE of particles is constant
45
What is specific heat capacity ?
Change in energy needed to raise temperature of 1kg of substance by 1•C
46
What is specific latent heat ?
• energy needed to change state of 1kg of material without changing its temperature
47
What is specific latent heat of fusion ?
amount of energy needed to melt 1kg of solid material at its melting point-> same amount of energy that is released by 1kg of liquid as it freezes to form solid
48
What is specific latent heat of vaporisation ?
Amount of energy needed to evaporate 1kg of liquid at its boiling point-> same amount of energy that is released by 1kg of gas as it condenses to form liquid
49
What happens during cooling down of a substance ?
Temperature decreases-> KE of particles decrease-> particles slow down-> if continue to cool down substance-> reach such a low temperature that average KE of particles was 0-> particles stopped moving
50
What is elastic distortion ?
• occurs if object goes back to original shape when force is removed • spring
51
What is inelastic distortion ?
• occurs if object changes shape permanently & doesn’t go back to original shape when force removed • metal ruler

Science (12 decks)

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