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physics topic 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Scalars vs vectors

A

Scalars – only have size

Vectors – Size + direction

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2
Q

examples of scalars

A

time
mass
temperature
speed

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3
Q

examples of vectors

A

forces (including weight)
displacement
acceleration
velocity

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4
Q

how can vectors be represented

A

Vectors can be shown by arrows.

The length of the arrow shows the size,
or magnitude, of the force.

The direction of the arrow shows the

direction of the force.

The vector arrows can be added
together to show the resultant of
two of more vectors.

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5
Q

examples of contact forces

A

air resistance
friction
tension
normal force

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6
Q

examples of non contact forces

A

gravity
magnetism
electrical force
nuclear force

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7
Q

what is mass

A

Mass is the amount of matter in a
substance (Kg)

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8
Q

what is weight

A

Weight is the force (N) acting on an
object due to gravity

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9
Q

what is the gravitational field strength, g, on Earth

A

about 10 N/kg.

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10
Q

weight and mass are what

A

directly proportional

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11
Q

what is the centre of mass

A

The central point where mass is balanced from all sides

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12
Q

describe resultant forces

A

When both forces act in the SAME direction, the forces ADD up

When both forces act in the OPPOSITE direction, the forces SUBTRACT

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13
Q

describe hookes law of elastic behaviour

A

When an object is extended
after applying a force, it returns to its original shape and size once the force is removed

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14
Q

describe hookes law of inelastic behaviour

A

When an object is
extended after applying a force, it DOES NOT return to its original shape and size once the force is removed

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15
Q

describe the practical for finding the spring constant of a spring

A

Hang a spring from a clamp

Measure size of spring

Hang a weight on the bottom of the
spring

Measure the length

Measure the extension of the spring

Add further weights to the spring so the
force increases 2 N at a time up to 10 N

For each new force record the spring
extension

Use the formula F = k x e to calculate k

Sources of error

not clamping the ruler vertical

misjudging the position of the bottom of the spring – attach a pointer to the bottom of the spring

parallax error – make sure eye is level when measuring

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16
Q

what is the limit of proportionality when it comes to springs

A

Force and extension are proportional to
one another until a limit

After this point, the spring inelastically
deformes and will not return to its
normal length if the force is removed.

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17
Q

when an elastic band is streched what type of energy does it store

A

stores elastic potential energy.

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18
Q

describe the extension of an elastic band on a graph

A

The extension of an elastic band is not directly proportional to the force applied. A graph of extension against length for
an elastic band will produce a curve.

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19
Q

describe force extension graphs

A

The gradient of a force against
extension graph gives you the
spring constant of the spring.

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20
Q

how to find the elastic potential energy on a force extension graph

A

The energy stored as elastic
potential energy is the area under a force against extension graph.

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21
Q

detention of distance

A

How far an object has travelled. Distance is a scalar quantity.

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22
Q

what is displacement

A

How far an object has travelled in a straight line from the starting point to the finishing point and the direction of that line. Displacement is a
vector quantity.

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23
Q

what is speed

A

Speed is the rate of change of distance.

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24
Q

what is velocity

A

Velocity is the rate of change of distance.

25
what is the average walking speed
1.5 m/s
26
what is the average running speed
3 m/s
27
what is the average cycling speed
6 m/s
28
what is average speed
Average speed is the speed of an object over the entire journey.
29
what is Instantaneous speed
Instantaneous speed is the speed of an object at a given moment in time. The speedometer in a car gives the instantaneous speed of the car.
30
what can distance time graphs be used for
Distance-time graphs can be used to represent the motion of an object.
31
how to find the instantaneous speed of the object at any point along the curve
tangent to the line must first be found – then the gradient of the tangent shows the speed.
32
what happens to an object when accelerating
When objects accelerate they can be changing speed or changing direction or changing both speed and direction.
33
what is acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, and since velocity is a vector so is acceleration.
34
why is direction important when thinking about acceleration
As acceleration is a vector the direction is important.
35
what is happening when a moving object has a negative acceleration
it can either be slowing down (often just called decelerating) or it could be increasing speed in the opposite direction.
36
velocity time graphs vs distance time graphs
A velocity-time graph gives more information than a distance-time graph. As well as speed, distance travelled and time, a velocity-time graph will give the acceleration of the object.
37
how do you find the acceleration off a velocity time graph
Found from the gradient of the line
38
how do you find the distance travelled off a velocity time graph
The area under the line on a velocity-time graph is the distance travelled.
39
whats describe the forces acting on a skydiver when he reaches terminal velocity
The area under the line on a velocity-time graph is the distance travelled.The area under the line on a velocity-time graph is the distance travelled.
40
what is newtons first law
if the resultant force on a stationary object is zero the object will remain stationary if the resultant force on a moving object is zero it will just carry on moving at the same velocity if there is a non zero resultant force on an object its velocity will change (it will accelerate in the direction of the force)
41
Non-zero resultant forces involve actions such as objects which are what
Starting Stopping Changing directions Speeding up Slowing down
42
what is newtons second law
The acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on the object, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
43
In equation form, Newton’s Second Law is written as what
Force (N) = Mass (kg) x Acceleration (m/s2)
44
what is inertia
Inertia is a property of matter. It is the resistance of the object to change its motion (speed and/or direction).
45
how is mass linked to inertia
Mass is a measure of the amount of inertia an object has. The more inertia (or mass) an object has the harder it is to get that object to change its motion.
46
what is newtons third law
Whenever two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal in size and opposite in direction.
47
give an example of newtons third law
When a car crashes into a crash barrier, the force acting on the car and the force acting on the barrier are equal and opposite.
48
what is thinking distance
Thinking distance is the distance that you travel while reacting to a stimulus until you get your foot onto the brake pedal.
49
what is breaking distance
Braking distance is the distance you travel from pressing the brake pedal until you come to a stop.
50
what is stopping distance
Stopping distance is the sum of thinking distance and braking distance,
51
things that effect thinking distance (reaction time)
too much alcohol poor visibility tiredness too many drugs
52
things that effect stopping distance
Icy roads Tyres/brakes worn out Wet roads Driving too fast
53
what happens when work is done against frictional forces on an abject
there is a temperature increase of the object.
54
what type of quantity is momentum
vector
55
momentum is a conserved quantity what does this mean
The momentum of a system remains the same before and after an event. e.g. In a car crash the momentum of the vehicles before the crash equals the momentum of the vehicles after the crash.
56
why are quick changes in momentum likely to hurt you
It’s the sudden coming to a stop.
57
why are there safety features in cars
to increase the time taken for the momentum to change. By increasing the time taken, you significantly lower the force being applied.
58
give some safety features of cars
crumple zones - part of the car designed to crumple on impact to increase the time it takes for the car to stop seatbelts - stretch slightly increasing time for wearer to stop airbags - inflate during collision so you hit the airbag not the dashboard slowing you down more gradually than if you had hit the dash board

gcses (27 decks)

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