Physio 1 Final Review Flashcards by Rob Devine

Mean arterial pressure must be maintained at a high, constant level of approximately ____

100 mm Hg

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Pulse pressure (systolic - diastolic)/3 + diastolic pressure = ______

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

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Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance = ______

Mean arterial pressure (Pa) (another formula…)

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The two major systems for regulation of arterial pressure are:

Baroreceptor reflex

2. Reninangiotensin-aldosterone system

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Parasympathetics will ____ the heart rate, while sympathetics will ____ the heart rate

Decrease, increase

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The cranial nerve associated with the baroreceptors in the corotid sinus is ____

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

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The cranial nerve associated with the baroreceptors in the aortic arch is ____

CN X (Vagus)

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In the baroreceptor reflex, the sympathetics will ____ the arteries/veins

Constrict

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The baroreceptors on the aortic arch or corotid sinus will send signals to the ____ in the CNS to be processed and sent back for blood pressure regulation

Medulla

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Baroreceptors are ______, sensitive to pressure and stretch

Mechanoreceptors

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A chemoreceptor cell, located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, that monitors O2, CO2, and pH is called ____

Glomus cell

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What is the strongest stimulus for a baroreceptor?

A rapid change in arterial pressure

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In the baroreceptor reflex, afferent information is integrated in the ______ of the medulla

Nucleus tractus solitaries

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When blood pressures increase, baroreceptor firing has an ______ effect on sympathetic outflow

Inhibitory

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A test which requires expiring against a closed glottis (i.e. Plugging your nose) is called the ______

Valsalva maneuver

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A slower and hormonally regulated blood pressure mechanism (than the baroreceptor reflex) is known as ____

Renin-angiotensin II - Aldosterone system

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The R-AII-A system reacts in response to a ____ in the Mean Arterial Pressure (Pa)

Decrease

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A decrease in Pa will cause production of ____ in the kidney, an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Renin

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The Angiotensin-converting enzyme which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II comes from ____

The lungs

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Angiotensin II will increase the secretion of ____, which will then lead to an increase in Na+ reabsorption

Aldosterone

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Aldosterone is produced by:

Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland

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Angiotensin II acts on the hypothalamus to ____

Increase thirst

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Angiotensin II will also stimulate the secretion of ____ hormone, which increases water reabsorption in collecting ducts

Antidiuretic (ADH)

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______ mechanisms regulate BP by altering blood vessel diameter

Short-term

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____ mechanisms regulate BP by altering blood volume

Long-term

The functions of the capillaries and the neighboring lymphatic vessels is known as ____

Microcirculation

The two major categories of capillaries are:

1. Continuous capillaries | 2. Fenestrated capillaries

Examples of fenestrated capillaries:

1. Endocrine organs 2. Absorptive areas of GI tract 3. Kidney filtration sites

TPR stands for:

Total peripheral resistance

Capillaries themselves branch off ____

Metarterioles

At the branch point, a band of smooth muscle called _____, precedes the capillaries

Precapillary sphincters

A capillary bed can be bypassed by _____ that directly connects arterioles to venules

Arteriovenous anastomosis

____ soluble gases such as O2 and CO2 can easily cross the capillary walls through the endothelial cells

Lipid

____ soluble ions, such as water, amino acids, etc. cannot pass through the endothelial cells of the capillary walls

Water

The diffusion of water-soluble substances is limited to _____

Clefts between endothelial cells

Fluid transfer across the capillary wall is known as ____

Osmosis

Can proteins pass through capillary walls/clefts?

No, generally too large

Limited amounts of protein can pass through the fenestrated capillaries of the ____ and ____

Kidney, intestine

In capillaries, _____ is driven by the sum of hydrostatic and effective osmotic pressures

Fluid movement

Fluid movement across a capillary wall is described by the ____ equation

Starling

The effective osmotic pressure contributed by proteins is called _____ pressure

Oncotic

When fluid movement is out of the capillary it is called ____, when it is from interstitium into the capillary it is called ____

Filtration, absorption

Water permeability of the capillary wall is known as ____

Hydraulic conductance (Kf)

A force favoring FILTRATION OUT of the capillary is known as ____

Hydrostatic pressure (Pc)

A force opposing filtration that is nearly zero or slightly negative

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure (Pi)

A force favoring ABSORPTION INTO the capillary is known as _____

Oncotic pressure (TTc)

An increase in ____ concentration in the blood will cause an increase in oncotic pressure, which will lead to decreased filtration

Protein

A force favoring filtration that is usually quite low (due to low concentrations of protein in the insterstitial fluid) is known as ____

Interstitial oncotic pressure (TTi)

The lymphatic ducts drain into the ___ veins

Subclavian

The ___ duct drains the right half of the body above the diaphragm

Right lymphatic

The ____ duct drains the left half of the body above the diaphragm, as well as the abdomen, pelvis, and both lower extremities

Thoracic

A dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow

Cisterna Chyli

The response of the peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies) to decreased oxygen concentration is greater when the CO2 concentration is ____ or the pH is ____

Increased, decreased

Chemoreceptors located in the medulla itself are called ____

Central chemoreceptors

The central chemoreceptors are most sensitive to __ and ___, and less sensitive to ___

CO2, pH O2

If CO2 increases, pH will ____

Decrease

If cerebral arteries are compressed (e.g. Tumor, head injury) there is an immediate increase in CO2 and decrease in pH. The "CNS ischemic response" is initiated to restore blood flow to the brain. This is known as ____

The Cushing Reflex/Reaction

High amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) will cause urine to be ____ (concentrated or diluted)

Concentrated

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is secreted in the ____

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

V1 and V2 receptors are for ____

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

V1 receptors are located where?

In vascular smooth muscle

When V1 receptors are activated, what occurs?

Vasoconstriction of arterioles and increased TPR

V2 receptors are located where?

Principal cells of the renal collecting ducts

When V2 receptors are activated, what will occur?

Water reabsorption in the collecting ducts

Low-pressure baroreceptors are located where?

1. Veins 2. Atria 3. Pulmonary arteries

____ is a protein hormone secreted by the atria in response to increased atrial pressure (increased blood volume)

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Increased secretion of ANP will lead to ______ Na+ and water excretion

Increased (to decrease blood volume)

The reflex associated with the stimulation of low-pressure atrial receptors, which will ultimately lead to a decrease in blood volume, is known as ____

Bainbridge reflex

The temperature-regulating center is located in the ____

Anterior hypothalamus

Thyroid hormones are thermogenic, meaning their actions on target tissues result in ____

Heat production (via increased metabolic rate)

The most potent mechanism for increasing heat production in the body is ____

Shivering (rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscle)

Heat is lost/dissipated from the body by ____ and ____

Radiation, convection

____ is the process of air or water moving by the skin and carrying away body heat

Convection

____ of sweat from the skin leads to cooling

Evaporation

___ is the increase in organ blood flow that is associated with the increased metabolic activity of an organ

Active hyperemia

During heavy exercise the blood flow to skeletal muscle can increase by ____

20-fold

____ is an increase in blood flow in response to a prior period of decreased blood flow

Reactive hyperemia

Name some vasodilator metabolites (5)

1. CO2 2. H+ 3. K+ 4. Lactate 5. Adenosine

Blood flow through the coronary circulation is controlled almost entirely by ____, with sympathetic innervation playing a minimal role

Local metabolites

The most important local metabolite factors in coronary circulation are: (2)

1. Hypoxia | 2. Adenosine

The most important local vasodilator in the cerebral circulation is ____

CO2 (or H+)