Physio

Question 1

What stimulates the secretion of PTH

Answer 1

Low serum Ca++

Question 2

What are the actions of PTH?

Answer 2

Acts on the bone to increase resorption
Acts on kidney to decrease phosphate reabsorption and increase Ca++ reabsorption
Acts on intestine to increase Ca++ absorption via activation of VitD

Question 3

What is the overall affect of PTH on serum Ca++?

Answer 3

Increases serum Ca++

Question 4

What is the overall affect of PTH on serum phosphate?

Answer 4

Decreases serum phosphate

Question 5

What is the stimulus for secretion of Vit D?

Answer 5

Decreased serum Ca++
Increased PTH
Decreased serum phosphate

Question 6

What are the actions of Vit D?

Answer 6

Acts on bone to increase resorption
Acts on kidney to increase phosphate reabsorption and increase Ca++ reabsorption (more minor than phosphate)
Acts on intestine to increase phosphate reabsorption and increase Ca++ reabsorption (more minor than phosphate)

Question 7

What is the overall affect of Vit D on serum Ca++?

Answer 7

Increases serum Ca++

Question 8

What is the overall affect of Vit D on serum phosphate?

Answer 8

Increases serum phosphate

Question 9

What is the stimulus for secretion of calcitonin?

Answer 9

Increase in serum Ca++

Question 10

What is the action of calcitonin?

Answer 10

Acts on bone to decrease resorption by inhibiting
osteoclast activity
Blocks the reabsorption of Ca++ in kidney

Question 11

What is the overall affect of calcitonin on serum Ca++?

Answer 11

Decreases serum Ca++

Question 12

What cell type secretes glucagon?

Answer 12

Pancreatic alpha cells

Question 13

What cell type secretes insulin?

Answer 13

Pancreatic beta cells

Question 14

What cell type secretes somatostatin?

Answer 14

Pancreatic delta cells

Question 15

What cell type secretes pancreatic polypeptide?

Answer 15

Pancreatic F cells

Question 16

What stimulates glucagon release?

Answer 16

Low glucose concentration

Question 17

Through which pathway does glucagon signal?

Answer 17

Gs -> cAMP -> PKA

Question 18

What are the actions of glucagon?

Answer 18

Increases plasma glucose, FAs, AAs, and ketones

Question 19

How does glucagon increase plasma glucose?

Answer 19

Increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 20

How does glucagon increase plasma fatty acids?

Answer 20

Increases lipolysis

Question 21

How does glucagon increase plasma AAs and ketones?

Answer 21

Increases ketoacid production

Question 22

Why does glucagon increase urea production?

Answer 22

Increased ketogenesis lead to an increase in acid and production of ammonia leading to an increase in urea

Question 23

What is the primary target tissue of glucagon?

Answer 23

Liver

Question 24

What tissues does glucagon target?

Answer 24

Liver
Skeletal mm.
Adipose tissue
Pancreatic islets

Question 25

What stimulates insulin release?

Answer 25

High glucose concentration

Question 26

What type of receptor is the insulin receptor?

Answer 26

Tyrosine kinase

Question 27

Binding of insulin to its receptor leads to what?

Answer 27

Increased expression of glucose transporters

Question 28

How does glucose enter the cell?

Answer 28

Through glucose transporters

Question 29

What are the actions of insulin?

Answer 29

Decreases plasma [glucose], [FAs], and [AAs] | Increase the storage and use of glucose, FAs, and AAs

Question 30

What are the actions of somatostatin?

Answer 30

Increase AAs, glucose and FA release | Inhibit GI and pancreatic fn

Question 31

What are the actions of pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 31

Inhibit gastric secretions and slow gastric emptying

Question 32

What is amylin and what does it do?

Answer 32

Co-released with insulin and complements actions of insulin

Question 33

What happens with a lack of insulin?

Answer 33

Increased utilization of fats for energy Increased activity of hormone sensitive lipase Increased plasma cholesterol and phospholipids Acetoacetic acid accumulates - ketone bodies -> acidosis

Question 34

What happens in insulin resistance?

Answer 34

Decreased use of glucose, FAs, and AAs | Increased poor use and handling of energy