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Physio 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of kidney

A

Water balance
Salt balance
Maintenance of plasma volume
Maintenance of plasma osmolarity
Acid-base balance
Excretion of metabolic waste products (e.g.)
Excretion of exogenous foreign compounds (e.g.)
Secretion of renin (control of arterial blood pressure)
Secretion of erythropoietin (EPO; RBC production)
Conversion of vitamin D into active form (Calcitriol: Ca2+ absorption in GI tract)

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2
Q

How is the kidney important in blood pressure regulation?

A

As it produces

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3
Q

When is erythropoietin produced?

A

When there is hypoxia

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4
Q

What stimulates the absorption of vitamin d from the gut?

A

conversion of Vit D into acitve form - calcitriol

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5
Q

How does erythropeitin affect the blood in those who abuse it?

A

The blood becomes thicker

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6
Q

Location of the kidney

A

left kidney - T12 - L3

right kidney -

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7
Q

Does the composition of the urine change as it enters the uterus from the kidney?

A

No

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8
Q

Difference in the appearance of the kidney

A

cortex - granulear appearance

medulla - striated appearance

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9
Q

How much cardiac output does the kindey receive?

A

25%

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10
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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11
Q

What are the functional mechanisms of the kidney?

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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12
Q

What are the capillaries that drain around the loop of henle?

A

peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

What does the peritubular capillaries drain into?

A

a veinule and then drains into the renal vein

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14
Q

Describe the path of the blood flow in each nephron

A

artery -> afferent arteriole ->efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries -> veinule -> renal vein

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15
Q

From which compartment does secretion into the loop of henle occur?

A

Peritubular capillaries

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16
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

It is the place where the afferent and efferent vessels come together and there is a gap in btw leaving space for the distal tubule to pass through

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17
Q

What is the fluid in the nephron?

A

tubular fluid (what undergoes modification)

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18
Q

What is the fluid in the collecting duct called?

A

urine (as it won’t undergo any modification)

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19
Q

Whihh nephrons are most common?

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A

Cortical nephrons

20
Q

Diff btw the juxtamedullary nephron and cortical nephron?

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A

juxtamedullary nephron - longer loop of henle, have no mesh of capillaries/ peritubular network but has a vasa recta

Cortical nephron - shorter loop of henle, have a peritubular capillary

21
Q

Which nephron produces a more concetrated urine?

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A

Juxtamedullary nephron

22
Q

Why do kangaroos and animals in hotter climates have a mroe concentrated urine?

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A

Due to more juxtamedullary nephron

23
Q

Striated appearance of the nephron

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A

collecting ducts arranged in a radial fashion and stacked upon each other

24
Q

The diameter of which vessel is larger?

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A

the arteriole diameter

25
What happens if there is a constriction of the smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole?
less blood flows into the glomerular capillary
26
What is the inner layer of the bowman's capsule made up of?
Podocytes - have digits like projections which interdigitate and form slits which allow the filtration of the fluid
27
What forms the intial tubular fluid?
the fluid that is initially filtered frm the bowmans capsule to the lumen of the glomerular capillary
28
What is the glomerular membrane?
The collection of endothelial cell, basement membrane and podocyte together
29
What is the importance of the glomerular membrane?
filtration of the fluid
30
what is the importance of the juxtaglomerular appartus?
they contain the granular cells which are the site of production of renin
31
What are macula densa cells?
Are salt sensitive cells -> which monitor the amount of salt present in the tubular fluid as it passes via this region present proximal to the JGA of the distal tubule
32
What is the urine?
Modified filtrate of the blood
33
What are the mechanisms if urine modification?
reabsorption and secrerion
34
What percent of the plasma is filtered as it enters the glomerulus?
20% of the plasma that passes through the glomerular capillary
35
What percent of the plasma that enters the glomerulis not filtered and enters the efferent arteriole again?
80%
36
What is the rate of excretion of a substance dependent on?
rate of inital concentration + how much has been additional added + how much has been reabsorbed
37
What is the rate of filtration dependent on?
rate of filtration = concentration of the substance in the plasma x GFR
38
What is the GFR value?
120 ml/min kept constant
39
How can we increase the filtration of a substance if the GFR is kept constant?
increas the filtration by increasing the concentration of the substance in the plasma
40
What is the rate of excretion of a substance?
Rate of excretion of X = mass of X excreted per unit time. Rate of excretion of X = [X]urine  Vu (where Vu = urine production rate)
41
If the rate of filtration > rate of excretion, what does it signify?
net reabsorbption of the substance has occured - (lot more coming in that what is leaving)
42
if the rate of filtration < rate of excretion, what does it signify?
Net secretion must occur
43
How to calculate the rate of secretion of a substance?
Rate of secretion of X = rate of excretion of X – rate of filtration of X
44
How to calculate the the rate of filtration of a substance?
Rate of filtration of X = mass of X filtered into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time. For a freely filterable substance X; Rate of filtration of X = [X]plasma  GFR (where GFR = glomerular filtration rate)
45
What should be noted white calculating rate equations?
always maintain the same UNITS - l/ min!!!
46
eg
more coming in the filtrate than in the excreted fluid

Renal (21 decks)

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