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Cardiovascular System > Physio 2.0 > Flashcards

Physio 2.0 Flashcards

(123 cards)

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1
Q

What is the Cardiac cycle time?

A

0.8 seconds when the heart beats at 75 bpm

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2
Q

What I known as the contraction/emptying phase stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Systole

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3
Q

What is known as the relaxation/filling phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole

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4
Q

Fill in th blanks.” Atrial systole is caused by ___________.”

A

Atrial depolarisation

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5
Q

What are the phases involved in Atrial Systole?

A
  • Ventricles are relaxed
  • AV valves ( tricuspid & mitral) are open because pressure in the atria is greater than ventricular pressure.

-Ventricles were filling prior to atrial systole, Atrial systole causes further increase in ventricular volume.

  • Throughout atrial contraction , atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure so AV valves remain OPEN.
  • Ends with ventricles maximally filled with blood ( EDV = 120ml)
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6
Q

What heart sound may be produced in Atrial systole?

A

S4 - may produce sound during atrial contraction as it causes the ventricular wall to vibrate if the ventricle is “stiff”

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7
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Isovolumetric ventricular contraction is initated by ______.”

A

By the QRS complex - Ventricular depolarisation.

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8
Q

In which stage of the Cardiac cycle is the first heart sound produced ( S1) ?

A

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction.

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9
Q

True or False? In Isovolumetric ventricular contraction , there is NO change in ventricular volume as all valves are CLOSED.

A

TRUE!!

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10
Q

In which stage of the Cardiac cycle is the Second Heart sound produced (S2)?

A

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

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11
Q

What is the pressure in the Right atrium?

A

0-8 mmHg

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12
Q

What is the pressure in the left atrium?

A

2-10 mmHg

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13
Q

What is the pressure in the right ventricle?

A

25 / 6(2-8) mm Hg

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14
Q

What is the Pressure in the left ventricle ?

A

120 / 8(2-10)

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15
Q

What is the pressure in the aorta?

A

120/80

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16
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary artery?

A

25/10 mmHg

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17
Q

In the atrial pressure curve, what does the ‘a’ wave represent?

A

The atrial contraction as a primer pump

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18
Q

In the atrial pressure curve, what does the ‘c’ wave represent?

A

This represents when the ventricles begin to contract

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19
Q

In the atrial pressure curve, what does the ‘v’ wave represent?

A

It represents the end of ventricular contraction

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20
Q

Fill in the blanks.” When the aortic valve closes, blood rebounds against the valve causing a decrease then a rebound of aortic pressure. This causes the appearance of a ________.”

A

Dicrotic notch

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21
Q

What is the normal End diastolic volume?

A

120-130ml

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22
Q

What is the End Diastolic volume?

A

This is the Volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole.

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23
Q

What is the normal End systolic volume?

A

50-60 ml

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24
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

It is the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per beat . It is about 70-80 ml.

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25
How is Stroke volume calculated?
EDV-ESV
26
What is Ejection Fraction?
It is the percentage of ventricular end diastolic volume which is ejected with each stroke.
27
What is the formula for Ejection Fraction?
EF= SV (EDV-ESV)/ EDV x 100
28
What is the norma ejection fraction?
60-65%
29
True or False? Diastole length (time) is shortened much more than systole length.
TRUE!!
30
Fill in the blanks."The third heart sound can be heard during _________."
Rapid filling of the ventricles( audible in children)
31
Fill in the blanks."The fourth heart sound is heard during_________."
Atrial systole ( normally not audible)
32
Where is the sound of the aortic semilunar valve heard?
Second intercostal space at the right sternal margin.
33
Where is the sound of the pulmonary semilunar valve heard?
Second intercostal space at the left sternal margin.
34
The sounds of which valve is heard is heard over the heart apex, in the 5th intercostal space, in one with the middle of the clavicle.
Mitral valve
35
Where is the tricuspid valve heard?
The sounds of the tricuspid valve is typically heard in the right sternal margin of the fifth 5th intercostal space . Variations include over sternum or over left sternal margin in 5th intercostal space.
36
If the third heart sound is heard , what pathological diseases could be suspected?
Congestive Heart Failure or Vascular disease
37
The fourth heart sound can be a sign of ?
Stiff , fibrotic ventricle - Can also be a sign of Aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypertension.
38
What are the factors that determine systolic blood pressure?
- The characteristics of the stroke volume being ejected from the heart - The ability of the aorta to stretch and accommodate the stroke volume.
39
What are the factors that determine the Diastolic pressure?
- The energy stored in the aorta as its elastic fibres are stretched during systole. - The resistance to the runoff of blood from the peripheral blood vessels.
40
What is the formula to calculate blood pressure?
Blood pressure = Cardiac output x Peripheral resistance
41
What are the physiological factors that affect blood pressure?
Cardiac Output - (SV xHR) Peripheral resistance Blood volume
42
How is the Pulse Pressure Calculated?
Systolic BP- Diastolic BP
43
How is the mean arterial pressure calculated?
Diastolic BP + 1/3 Pulse pressure
44
What is Central venous pressure?
Central venous pressure is considered a direct measurement of the blood pressure in the right atrium and vena cava.
45
How else can the Mean arterial pressure be calculated?
MAP = (CO x SVR) + CVP (Central Venous Pressure)
46
Fill in the blanks. " Atrial stretch receptors are activated by _________ and act to _________."
They are activated by Increased venous return and act to reduce Blood Pressure.
47
What are the functions of Atrial Stretch receptors?
* They stimulate reflex tachycardia (increased HR) * Inhibit ADH release * Promote secretion of Atrial Natriuretic peptide.
48
What are the factors that determine Mean arterial pressure?
* Blood Volume * Effectiveness of the heart as a pump. * Resistance of the system to blood flow. * Relative distribution of blood between arterial and venous blood vessels.
49
What are three important sources of resistance?
Blood viscosity Total blood vessel length Blood vessel diameter
50
What are the major determinants of peripheral resistance?
Small-diameter arterioles.
51
What are the factors that remain constant in Peripheral resistance?
* Blood viscosity ( the stickiness of the blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins) * Blood vessel length - " The longer the vessel, the greater resistance encountered"
52
Where is systemic pressure highest?
In the aorta
53
What is the systemic pressure in the right atrium?
0 mmHg
54
Where does the steepest drop in systemic pressure occur?
In the arterioles
55
Fill in the blanks. " Blood pressure near the heart is ______."
Pulsatile
56
How does Neuronal control of peripheral resistance work?
* It maintains the mean arterial pressure by altering blood vessel diameter. * Alters blood distribution in response to specific demands.
57
Fill in the blanks." Neuronal controls operate via ________ that involve _______,_________ &_________."
Neuronal Control operate via REFLEX ARC that involves - *Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors * Vasomotor centres and vasomotor fibres * Vascular smooth muscle
58
Where are chemoreceptors located?
In the carotid sinus Aortic arch Large arteries of the neck
59
Fill in the blanks. " Chemoreceptors respond to ______,_______ & _______."
Rise in CO2 Decrease in pH Decrease in Oxygen
60
True or False? Chemoreceptors are more important in the regulation of respiratory rate.
TRUE!!
61
True or False? Chremoreceptors in the medulla oblongata monitor O2 ,CO2 and pH.
FALSE !! Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata monitor CO2 and pH ONLY!!
62
What substances are monitored by chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies?
O2 CO2 pH
63
Where are Baroreceptors located?
* Carotid sinuses * Aortic arch * Walls of large arteries of the neck and thorax
64
Where are reflexes that regulate Blood pressure integrated?
In the medulla
65
What is the Vasomotor centre?
It is a cluster of sympathetic neurons in the medulla that oversee changes in the blood vessel diameter.
66
True or False? Angiotensin II ,generated by Kidney release of renin, causes vasoconstriction.
TRUE!!
67
True or False? Atrial natriuretic peptide causes blood volume and blood pressure to increase , causes generalised vasoconstriction .
FALSE!! Atrial natriuretic peptide causes blood volume and blood pressure to DECREASE , causes generalised VASODILATION.
68
True or False? ADH (Vasopressin) causes intense vasoconstriction in cases of extremely low Blood Pressure.
TRUE!!!
69
What are devices used for measuring blood pressure?
Aneroid sphygmometer Mercury sphygmometer Electronic/digital sphygmometer
70
Fill in the blanks. " Phase 1 of the Korotkoff sounds gives you ___________ while ____________ gives you Diastolic pressure."
Phase I gives you Systolic Pressure Phase V gives you Diastolic pressure
71
How is Cardiac Output calculated?
CO = SV x HR
72
How is blood flow to an organ regulated?
By altering arteriolar tissue
73
Which organs exhibit auto- regulation?
Heart Brain Kidneys
74
What is Active hyperaemia?
The blood flow of an organ is proportional to its metabolic activity . ex, when you exercise, more blood flow is needed for skeletal muscles.
75
What is Reactive Hyperaemia?
An increase in blood flow to an organ after a period of occlusion of flow. ex when taking blood pressure using a cuff.
76
Which organ has the greatest sympathetic innervation?
Skin
77
Which hormones causes arteriolar dilation and venous constriction?
Histamine and Bradykinin
78
Fill in the blanks. " In regards to prostaglandins , __________ are vasodilators and __________ are vasoconstrictors.
E- series are vasodilators F- series are vasoconstrictors
79
True or False? Thromboxane A2 is a vasodilator.
FALSE!! It is a Vasoconstrictor
80
What percentage of Resting cardiac output goes to Pulmonary circulation?
100 %
81
What is the most important local vasodilator for cerebral circulation?
Carbon dioxide, CO2
82
True or False? The brain exhibits both active and reactive hyperaemia.
TRUE!!
83
True or False? Coronary and cerebral circulation is controlled by local metabolic factors.
TRUE!!
84
What are the most important local metabolic factors for coronary circulation?
Hypoxia and Adenosine
85
True or False? The resistance and pressure in pulmonary circulation is LOW!!
TRUE!!
86
In supine position , how is the blood pulmonary flow distributed?
The bloodflow is nearly uniform throughout the lung
87
When standing, how Is the pulmonary blood flow distributed ?
It is unevenly distributed because of the effect of gravity .
88
What is the principal function of the cutaneous sympathetic nerves ?
Temperature regulation
89
True or False? Increased ambient temperature leads to cutaneous vasodilation, allowing dissipation of excess body heat.
TRUE!!
90
Fill in the blanks. " Skin vessels is under __________."
Emotional control
91
What is the primary regulator of blood flow to the skeletal muscle?
Sympathetic innervation
92
What are the local vasodilators of skeletal muscles?
Lactate, adenosine and K+
93
Fill in the blanks. " Preload = ____________ while Afterload = ________
Preload = End diastolic volume Afterload = End systolic pressure
94
What is Afterload?
Afterload is the pressure against which the ventricles contract . ( wall tension during systole)
95
Fill in the blanks. " Afterload is is determined by ________."
Peripheral resistance
96
What are the factors that affect afterload?
Pleural pressure Vascular compliance Vascular resistance
97
In what conditions are Pre-loads increased?
* Hypervolemia * Regurgitation of cardiac valves * Heart Failure
98
In what conditions is after load increased in?
* Hypertension * Vasoconstriction
99
What are the factors affecting stroke volume?
Heart size Fitness level Gender Contractility Duration of contraction Preload ( EDV) Afterload( resistance)
100
What are the factors affecting heart rate?
Autonomic innervation Hormones Fitness levels Age
101
True or False? Autonomic influence on the Cardiac output ( sympathetic stimulation) increases contractility of the heart therefore DECREASES End diastolic volume.
TRUE!!!
102
True or False? Excess calcium increases stroke volume by enhancing contractility.
TRUE!!
103
What is Venous return ?
It is the rate of flow blood back to the heart from the tissues.
104
What is the normal atrial pressure?
0 mm Hg
105
True or False? Venous return decreases with atrial pressure.
TRUE!!
106
What are the 5 mechanism that enable blood flow back to the heart?
Venous valves Muscle pump Respiratory pump Venous smooth muscle Gravity
107
Which layer of veins & arteries is responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
Tunica media
108
Which layer of arteries & veins is endothelium?
Tunica intima
109
What is the function of Tunica adventitia ?
It merges with connective tissues surrounding blood vessels
110
What are the different types of capillaries?
- Continuous ( Do not have fenestrae) - Fenestrated (have pores) - Sinusoidal (large diameter with large fenestrae)
111
Where are fenestrated capillaries located?
In kidneys, small intestine , glands , choroid plexuses.
112
Fill in the blanks. " The physiology of systemic circulation is determined by ________, _______ & _______.
Anatomy of circulatory system Dynamics of blood floe Re
113
True or False? The flow rate is inversely proportional to resistance.
TRUE!!
114
True or False? Meta-arterioles have NO sphincters thus allowing for a continuous blood flow and controls the amount of blood going into neighbouring vessels.
TRUE!!
115
What are important peptides that increase vascularity in blood vessels?
Vascular Endothelial Growth factor(VGEF) Fibroblast growth factor Angiogenin
116
What is the Critical closing pressure?
This is the pressure at which a blood vessel collapse and blood flow stops.
117
What is Laplace's law?
This is when the force acting on blood vessel is proportional to diameter of the vessel times blood pressure.
118
What is vascular compliance?
This is the tendency for blood vessel volume to increase as blood pressure increases. The more easily the vessel wall stretches, the greater its compliance.
119
Where is Endothelin A released from?
Damaged blood vessels
120
Which ions causes Vasodilation ?
K+ Mg 2+ H+ (increase) Acetate Citrate CO2
121
Which ions causes Vasoconstriction?
Ca 2+ H+ ( decrease)
122
What happens to the blood flow when oxygen decreases?
The blood flow Increases!!
123

Cardiovascular System (10 decks)

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