physio exam 1

Question 1

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 1

Plant and animal cells with a nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles

Question 2

Prokaryotic

Answer 2

Unicellular, without nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles

Question 3

What do all cells have?

Answer 3

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Genetic material (DNA)

Question 4

Substances that make up the cell?

Answer 4

1. Water
2. Ions
3. Proteins
4. Lipids
5. Carbohydrates

Question 5

What is the function of water in the cell?

Answer 5

Dissolves particles for reactions to happen

Question 6

The function of ions

Answer 6

1. Provides inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions
2. Necessary for operation of some of the cellular control mechanisms (Ex: transmission)

Question 7

What chemicals are more concentrated in the extracellular fluid?

Answer 7

Sodium, Calcium, Chloride

Question 8

Potassium is more concentrated _______

Answer 8

Inside the cell

Question 9

Function of proteins

Answer 9

3D shape that can bind to other molecules (lock and key)

Can change shape and alter binding properties + function

Causes physiological change

Question 10

Types of proteins in the membrane?

Answer 10

1.Integral

2. Peripheral

Question 11

Examples of structural proteins

Answer 11

Cytoskeleton

Question 12

Examples of Functional Proteins

Answer 12

1. Enzymes
2. Transport Proteins
3. Signaling proteins

Question 13

Which cell structure is the the space between the nucleus and plasma membrane?

Answer 13

Cytoplasm

Question 14

Define cytoplasm

Answer 14

The space between the nucleus and the membrane

Question 15

Which component of the cell is used primarily to separate cell compartments?

Answer 15

Lipids (lipid bilayer)

Question 16

What is the function of lipids in the cell membrane?

Answer 16

1. Separates cell compartments
2. Selective transport
3. Processing info
4. Makes a barrier to separate things

Question 17

Integral vs Peripheral proteins?

Answer 17

Integral goes through the cell, Peripheral lies along the surface

Question 18

What is the function of triglycerides?

Answer 18

They are lipids used as a food source or membrane synthesis

Question 19

The difference in the concentrations of ions on either side of the cell membrane leads to a voltage called?

Answer 19

Membrane potentional

Question 20

What is the purpose of the membrane potential?

Answer 20

Transmits signals and powers molecular devices like transport channels

Question 21

Where is Na+ most abundant?

Answer 21

Outside of the cell

Question 22

True or false: K+ is more concentrated inside the cell

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Define a membrane potential

Answer 23

Difference in electrical charge between intra and extra cellular fluid. Used to transmit signals and power molecular devices. Moves ions in and out of the cell

Question 24

Which of the following cell components is the major source of energy in the cell?

Answer 24

CARBOHYDRATES

Question 25

What is the most abundant substance in the cell?

Answer 25

Water, then proteins

Question 26

What are ways of storing energy?

Answer 26

Triglycerides and glycogen in liver and muscle cells

Question 27

What is the purpose of carbohydrates?

Answer 27

Stores energy

Question 28

What is the purpose of ions?

Answer 28

To transmit reactions

Question 29

What does the nucleus consist of?

Answer 29

1. Nuclear membrane 2. Nucleolus 3. Genetic material (DNA)

Question 30

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Answer 30

Synthesizes lipids

Question 31

What is the function of the Rough ER?

Answer 31

Makes proteins and fats

Question 32

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 32

Part of intracellular digestion. Degrades damaged cells, food, and unwanted material It is the KILLING MACHINE OF THE CELL

Question 33

Types of lipids?

Answer 33

1. Phospholipids 2. Cholesterol 2. Triglycerides

Question 34

What ions are used in facilitated diffusion?

Answer 34

1. Ligand gated channels 2. Ion Channels 3. Aquaporins 4. Voltage gated

Question 35

Describe Active Transport

Answer 35

1. Moves against concentration gradient 2. From less conc. to more conc. 3. Req. Energy Two Types: Primary & Secondary

Question 36

Can water soluble substances cross the membrane?

Answer 36

No, the polar heads are hydrophobic= scared of water, wont let it past

Question 37

Describe osmosis

Answer 37

Moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration **to dilute the high concentrations

Question 38

Hypotonicity

Answer 38

Water rushes into the cell causing swelling low conc to high conc

Question 39

Hypertonicity

Answer 39

Water rushes out of the cell causing shriveling

Question 40

What is the most important channel in the membrane?

Answer 40

Aquaporins and ion channels

Question 41

Ligand gated channels

Answer 41

locks onto a receptor to active signaling

Question 42

Glut 2 is an example of?

Answer 42

Channel protein

Question 43

Functions of receptors

Answer 43

1. Proteins that transfer info 2. Binds to ligands to active signaling 3. On cell surface for hydrophilic molecules 4. Inside cell for hydrophobic molecules

Question 44

True of False: G protein coupled receptors are metabotropic receptors that bind to G proteins and cause a cascade response

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Describe GPCR

Answer 45

" on / off switch" Integral protein on the surface A ligand binds to GPCR and activates G protein GDP turns to GTP Beta and gamma fall off

Question 46

Secondary Messengers

Answer 46

Activates and deactivated a response Types: cAMP Calcium DAG IP3

Question 47

Types of secondary messengers?

Answer 47

cAMP Calcium DAG IP3

Question 48

An example of an intracellular receptor?

Answer 48

Steroids. A lipophilic molecule in blood that transfers over the cell

Question 49

What makes up the cytoskeleton?

Answer 49

1. Microfilaments 2. Microtubules 3. Intermediate filaments