Physio exam 5 Set 1

Question 1

Saliva made from plasma

Answer 1

Initially Isotonic

Question 2

Saliva final secretion modified in

Answer 2

Duct (absorption-hypotonic)

Question 3

Saliva: at high flow rates

Answer 3

Approach plasma composition

Question 4

At low flow rates

Answer 4

More hypotonic- absorption

Question 5

Functions of saliva are:

Answer 5

amount and composition dependent (Na, K,Cl, HCO3, H)
and dependent on body volume homeostasis and kidney function

Question 6

Xerostomia

Answer 6

dry mouth, reduced pH, less HCO3-

Question 7

Sialadenitis

Answer 7

inflammation of salivary gland(mostly serous)
- contamination of salivary ducts by oral cavity bacteria, or stasis of salivary flow,

Question 8

Sialorrhoea

Answer 8

-uncontrolled drooling/excess saliva
- from poor swallowing or excess secretion
- due to parasympathetic stimulation

Question 9

GFR- 120ml per min

Answer 9

CKD- GFR reduced 60%
40-50ml a min

Question 10

Compromised Kidney Function - Salivary flow decreased

Answer 10

Na, K, Ca, Po4, goes up
UREA goes UP ALOT
Bicarbonate unchanged

Question 11

Change the concentration of water in saliva by changing

Answer 11

NaCl !!

Question 12

ESRD

Answer 12

Urea goes up, Creatine, Na, pH becomes slightly acidic

Question 13

Glomerulus

Answer 13

Site of filtration, from blood into the kidneys

Question 14

Peritubular Cappilaries

Answer 14

surround nephron tubule, responsible for reabsorption

Question 15

Loop

Answer 15

Concentrates urine because flow in opposite directions

Question 16

Shallow Nephrons

Answer 16

glomerulus start at the cortex go a bit into the medullary region

Question 17

Deep Nephrons

Answer 17

glomeruli are deeper but the loops are longer and go deeper into the medullary region
- Lower water conc. Outside between cells and are able to absorb more water and concentrate more urine.

Question 18

Proximal Tubule

Answer 18

Brush Border, microvilli, mitochondria
- MAJORITY OF ABSORPTION occurs, ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Question 19

Loop

Answer 19

passive movement depends on conc. and comp. or water in the interstitial

Question 20

Ascending

Answer 20

Larger cells, more mito

Question 21

Collecting Duct

Answer 21

Fewer Mitoc, mitochondrial ridge cell
- regulates acid/base secretion affecting pH of urine and plasma.

Question 22

Early Part

Answer 22

• absorb more, secret more, higher rate, more mitochondria

Question 23

Latter Parts

Answer 23

• Don’t move as many molecules, site of hormonal regulation for sodium and water absorption.

Question 24

Juxtaglomerular Granular Cells (JG Cells)

Answer 24

• Pressure Sensor
• release Renin activating RAAS Angiotensin system
  -Sense volume indirectly

Question 25

RAAS

Answer 25

- potent vasoconstrictors, antidiuretic and antinaturetic

Question 26

Macula Densa Cells (MD Cells)

Answer 26

- Chemical Sensors - Sense sodium and chloride dissolved in water

Question 27

Hydrostatic differences

Answer 27

CO in the peripheral resistance

Question 28

Osmotic Differences

Answer 28

Pressure Caused by an imbalance in water concentration

Question 29

Total body water

Answer 29

60% 42L

Question 30

Extracellular Fluid

Answer 30

20% 14L

Question 31

Intracellular Fluid

Answer 31

40% 28L

Question 32

Plasma

Answer 32

1/4 of Extracellular Fluid 3.5L

Question 33

Interstitial Fluid

Answer 33

3/4 of ECF 10.5 L

Question 34

(Hct) Hematocrit

Answer 34

- changes with fluid change

Question 35

Hct

Answer 35

% Volume of RBC in Blood

Question 36

Hct Males

Answer 36

40-54 mL/dL

Question 37

Hct Females

Answer 37

37-47 mL/dL

Question 38

Hypotonic

Answer 38

Cell SWELL

Question 39

Hypertonic

Answer 39

Cell Shrivels

Question 40

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 40

Pressure Difference - Volume Difference Plasma & Interstitium

Question 41

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 41

Pressure difference in concentration difference everywhere

Question 42

Sharp decrease in vascular pressure

Answer 42

Afferent and Efferent Arterioles

Question 43

High hydrostatic pressure is maintained along :

Answer 43

glomerular capillary

Question 44

Albumin - 1 millimolar difference

Answer 44

Large Proteins - 25 or so millimolar pressure difference

Question 45

Osmotic and Oncotic pressure difference

Answer 45

Occur in different directions Oncotic Pres. - main driving force amongst capillaries

Question 46

Renal Water Movement - Epithelial

Answer 46

3 Compartments - Lumen Facing, Blood Facing, Intracellular