Physio viva final Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Function of dorsal column
A
Carry sensory information of fine touch(tactile sensation),vibration,proprioception
2
Q
Function of cerebellum
A
Planning and tuning of skeletal muscle contraction,posture,equilibrium,smooth voluntary movements
3
Q
Function of basal ganglia
A
Control reflexes,autonomic,voluntary movement,and group movements for emotional responses
4
Q
Function of thalamus
A
Relay station to cortex,cortex alert through connection with RF,centre for crude sensation,and emotional reaction reflexes
5
Q
Function of bypothalamus
A
Control of water balance,autonomic,endocrine,emotions,temperature,body weight,metabolism,sexual function,sleep
6
Q
Ascending and descending tract
A
Sensory,motor
7
Q
Ascending tracts and levels
A
Dorsal medial laminiscus and anteriolateral system,dorsal lateral cuneicerebellar
8
Q
1st ,2nd,3rd neuron of ascending tract
A
E.g dorsal column
1 dorsal root
nucleus gracile and cuneatus
decussate at medulla
2 vpl nucleus of thalamus
E.g anterolateral
3 cortex
1.dorsal root(substantial gelinatonsa)
Decuusate in spinal cord
2 vpl thalamus
3 cortex
9
Q
Tract responsible for pain and temperature
A
Laterals Spinothalamich tract
10
Q
Types of pain fibres
A
Slow C fibers
Fast a delta fibers
11
Q
Neurotransmitter released in fast pain
A
Glutamate
12
Q
What is touch and types of touch
A
Touch is cutaneous feeling which can be two tyoes crude,fine
13
Q
Ganglion definition and location
A
Collection of cell bodies e.g sympathetic parasympathetic ganglia outside CNS ,basal ganglia inside cns
14
Q
Touch pathways
A
Fine touch via dorsal medial laminiscL system and crude touch via anterior sponothalmic
15
Q
Crude and fine touch
A
Fine touch localised and crude touch not localised
16
Q
2 point discrimination and how far can it be felt
A
Sense of touch felt at two different points when stimulated simultaneously.fingertip 1 to 2 cm,dorsal surface 2 to 5,shoulder 7 to 20
17
Q
Receptors classification
A
Mechanic,thermo,chemo,electromagnetic,nociceptors
18
Q
Receptor potential/graded potential
A
Change in potential of receptor when stimulated caused by opening of certain ions is ftimulus strongenough can cause action potential to be generated
19
Q
Pain
A
An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damagr
20
Q
Receptors organs
A
Cells or organ that detect stimulus
21
Q
Sensation and types
A
Mechano,thermo,chemo,em,nociceptors
22
Q
Difference between fast and slow pain
A
Fast:glutamate,0.1 sec,localised,superficial tissue,A delta
Slow:substance p,1 sec,non localised,deep tissue,C
23
Q
Exteroceptors and their location
A
Sensory receptors that detect stimuli originating from outside of the body.Specialized to monitor external environment of body.vibration,pain,vision,sound,pain,temp
24
Q
Somatotropic representation of body in pre motor and sensors areas
A
When a specific part of body is associated with a distinct location in CNS.Homunculus of body specifying labelled line principle
25
Difference between spasticity and rigidity
Spasticity:abnormal increase in muscle tone interfering with movement and speech,symptom of chronic UMN lesion,produces more in one direction than other,clasp knife splasyicity,affects antagonist muscles,depends on amplitude and velocity.
Rigidity:inability to relax normally,flexors ans extensor,symptom of Parkinson disease,high muscle tone remain throughout range of movement of joint,sand resistance in all directions,cogwheel rigidity and lead pipe rogidity
26
Test for cerebellar lesions
Shuffling gait,past pointing and tone
27
Capsulated,uncapsulated receptor
Cap:meissner,oacinianmerkel,ruffian corpuscles
Uncap:free nerve endings,Mackey disc,hair follicles
28
Brain waves and their productions
Oscillating electrical voltages in brain measuring a few millionths of a volt
29
Highest voltage brain waves
Delta
30
Hemiballismus
Hyperkinetic involuntary movement disorder characterised by intermittent,sudden,violent,ballistic high amplitude movements involving ipsilateral arm and leg caused by dysfunction in subthalamua
31
Chorea and tremor
Movement disorder that caused involuntary,irregular unpredictable muscle movements lesion in putamen
Tremor rhythmic involuntary shaking movement in one or more parts of your body due to muscle contraction
32
Posterior ganglion of sympathetic and parasympathetic statem
33
UM and LMN lesion differnces
UMNmabove anterior horn cell I spinal cord or nuclei of cranial nerves,increased splasticity,muscle groups of lower limb marked in flexors,upper.imb weakness in extensors,increased deep tendon reflexes superficial reflexes absent,extensor plantar respose(up going toes),late wasting due to disuse,absent fascicukqtion
LMN:anterior horn cell,motor nerve river or Neuromuscular junction
Reduced tone,distal muscle weakness flexors and extensors,deep tension reflexes reduced or absent,plantar response normal or absent,fascilcykation anterior horn cell lesion,wasting usually
34
Difference between root and ramus
Roots purely sensory or motor.ramus have both
35
Difference between dorsal and ventral ramus
Dorsal innervate skin and muscles of back,ventral innovate limbs and anterior body skin and muscles
36
Difference between posterior and ventral root
Dorsal sensory ,ventral motor
37
Sensory examination
Eevaluation of pain ,temp,light touch,position sense,vibration,discriminative sensation
38
Differences between anterograde Ns retrograde amnesia
Anterograde:new memories not formed characterising lesion or removal of hippocampus
Retrograde:old memories lost characterising thalamus lesion or removal
39
Difference between carotid body and sinus
Body:chemoreceptor located in adventotia of bifurcation of common carotid artery monitor blood ph,pco2,po2
Sinus:dilated area at base of ICA superior to bifurcation of Internal and external at level of superior border of thyroid cartilage,baroreceptor control by,hr.
40
Referred pain
Pain perceived at location other than site of pain ful stimulus/origin
41
Mechanism of memory
Habitution(negative memory) progressive low influx of calcium ions,close calcium channels,less release of vesicles at synapse
Facilitation-presynaptic neuron release serotonin which activate adenyl cycles and cause more synaptic activity(check notes Physio sap)
42
Dermatome and significance
Area of skin supplied. Y one sensory nerve fiber tell us location of stimulus
43
Pain pathway
Lat and DCML
44
Proprioception and it’s receptor
Kinaesthesia(sense of self movement and body position) sense that lets us perceive location,movement,action of parts of body,includes perception of joint movement and position ,muscle force effort.
Mechano(nruromuscul Spindle,GTO,joint kinaesthetic receptor,vestibular apparatus)
45
Difference between light and crude touch
Light touch localised crude touch not localised
46
Significance of EEG
Results show changes in brain activity that may be useful in diagnosing brain conditions especially epilepsy and other seizures disoderes
47
Exaggeration of dopamine and it’s causes
Schizophrenia (delusions,hallucinations,disorganised speech,trouble with thinking,
A knot motivation.
Causes
48
Dermatome of unmilicus and xiphoif pricess
T10,T6
49
Function of insulin
Allow glucose to enter cells and maintain glucose in bloodstream within normal levels by stimulating glycogen synthase
50
Functions of hormones of hypothalamus
TRH:release TSH,CRH:release of ACTH,GnRH:release of LH,FSH,Ghrh:release of gh and Ghih,prolactin inhibitory hormone:cause inhibition of prolactin secretion
51
Conn syndrome
Primary aldosteronism is a rare condition caused by overproduction of hormone aldosterone that control sodium and potassium in blood
52
Graves disease
Autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism TSH cinc less than normal
53
Hormones from kidneys
Erythropoietin and rennin
54
What happens if TSH is low
Less thyroid hormone released since thyroid gland no longer stimulated
55
Function of hypothalamus
Releasing hormone,maintain dimly physiological cycle,control appetite ,managing sexual behaviour,regulating emotional response and body temp.
56
Glucagon function
Increase blood sugar level
57
Somatostatin and growth hormone
Somatostatin inhibit gh while gh functions are a decrease utilisation of glucose increased synthesis of protein and fat utilization
58
Addison disease
Inability of adrenal cortices to produce sufficient adrenicortical hormones
59
Flight and fight response released from
Adrenal gland epinephrinnorepinephrine
60
Definition of hotmones
Chemical messengers that send information throughout body
61
Aldosterone function
Sodium retention potassium secretion
62
Role of dhea
Dedehydroepiandrsterone Hormone that your body naturally produces in adrenal gland,helps produce other hormones including testosterone and estrogen
63
Adrenal hormones
Adrenal cortex (aldosterone (mineralcorticoid),cortisol(glucocorticoid),androgen and estrogen(sex hormones)
64
Thyroid hormone functions
Increased protein synthesis,bmr,lipolysis,respiration,cardiac output
65
Cyclic Amp
Second messenger.derivative of ATP and used for intrazellular signal transduction
66
Function of thyroid hormone in gestation
Thyroxine(t4),trioiodothorinine(t3) maintain normal physiological prose es especially in CNS where they assist in brain maturation
67
Protein kinase pathway
2nd messenger,cyclic Amp is used,dephosphorylate protein is converted into phosphorylase protein
68
Hormones of ant pituitary
Lh,fsh,acth,TSH,gh,prolactin
69
Inflammatory hormone
Cortisol
70
Lh and fsh are what kinfpdof hormones
Glycoprote
71
Most potent stimulus that causes release of gh
Hypoglycaemia
72
Most important glucocorticoid and mineralcorticoid
Cortisol,aldosterone
73
Function of cakcitonin
Helps to regulate level of calcium and phosphate in blood opposing action of Parathyroid hormone.acts to reduce calcium levels on blood by less absorption of calcium and storage in bone
74
Goiter
Hypothyroidism with enlarged thyroid gland due to defeiciency of iodine
75
Cortisol functions
Respond to stress,anti inflammatory,increase body metabolism of glucose and blood amino acids,mobilisation of fat ,suppress immune system
76
Hormone of atria
Atrial nariuretic hormone/anp
77
Difference between Cushing syndrome and Cushing dusease
Hypersecretion by adrenal cortex cause syndrome while syndrome secondary to excess secretion of acthby anterior pituitary is disease
78
Hormones released in starvation
Gh,glucagon,cortisol,th
79
Action of glucagon and insulin on protein
Insulin stimulate protein synthesis and storage.glucagon directly stimulate catabolism of protein
80
Mineralcorticoid examples and function
Aldosterone (na )
81
How will you differentiate between patient of dwarfism and hypothyroidism
HT:buffalo like torso obesity,myxedema,low hr,co
82
Function of parathormone
Release of ca by bones into blood stream.Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines.conservation of calcium by kidney.
83
Reflexes of git
3 types:entirely enteric nervous system e.f peristalsis,secretion,mixing
Reflexes from prevertebral sypatehich ganglia e.g gastronomic,enterogastric,colonoileal
Reflexes from spinal cord brain stem :pain defecation reflex
84
Hormones of git
Cholecystokinin.gastrin,secretin,gastric inhibitory peptide
85
Swallowing mechanism
3 stages:voluntary swallowing stage tongue pressure upward backward
Involuntary pharyngeal :stimulate swallowing receptor area afereng impulses from 5 and 9 to medulla cause soft palate close nares,palatopharungeal folds and vocal cords approximate,hyoid bone larynx go up epilglottis cover it esophagus open,superior constrictor pharynx muscles peristalsis. Esopahgeal involuntary stage primary secondary peristalsis gravity
86
Effect Of ans on git
Increases /decrease peristalsis ,tone,secretion.contract or relax sphincter
87
Segmentation contraction
Occur in small intestine.they are mixing contractions.stretch causes localised concentric contraction at intervals which chop chyme and mix with small intestine secretions
88
Function of secretin and release
Released by s cells of duodenum when acid enters duodenum it inhibit git motility and causes pancreas to release bicarbonate and bile duct
89
Function of gastrin
Gastrin released by g cells of stomach on stomach distension which stimulate stomach motility
90
What is peristalsis
Rhythmic contractions in git wall which cause analward movement of food
91
Function of cck
Released by cells of duodenum when fat and amino acids come in duodenum they inhibit stomach emptying and motilityand stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion.they cause gall bladder to contract to release bile and sphincter of oddi to relax.
92
Motor function of stomach
Store food (1-1.5l)mixing of food into chyme,emptying of chyme from stomach to small intestine
93
Components function,location of enteric nervous system
Myenteric/Auerbach(in smooth muscle layer) -peristalsis
Meissner/sybmucossal-secretion,blood flow,sensory
94
Movement in small intestine
Mixing /segmentation,propulsive
95
Basic stages of digestive process
Ingestion,digestion,secretion,absorption,excretion
96
Gastric movements
2.weak peristaltic constrictor waves (mixing ,weak propulsion),powerful peristaltic constrictor rings(propulsive,mix due to retropulsiom)
97
Action of parasympathetic and sympathisch stimulation on sphincter
Relax/contract
98
Intestinal type of movements
Mixing(segmentation ),propulsive apcaused by entry of chyme and gastroenteritis reflex
99
Defecation reflex
Weak intrinsic defecation reflex caused by myenteric plexus and parasympathetic defection reflex caused by sacral spinal cord
100
Functions of saliva
7:mechanical(speech,prevent injury,chewing),digestive(ptyalin),excretory,oral hygiene(pathogenic bacteria wash away and liked by lysozyme),taste sensation,water balance mantainence by thirst mechanism,buffering action by bicarbonate
101
Enzymes of saliva
Amylase,lingual lipase
102
Daily secretion of saliva
0.5 to 1.5 l
103
Main enzyme in protein digestion
Pepsin
104
Ptyalin
Has alphaamylase found in saliva responsible for breaking down starch to maltose
105
Gastric secretion
Single cell mucus glands- mucus
Oxyntuc glands
1)mucus neck-mucus and Pepsi open
2)peptic/chief- pepsinogen
3)oxyntic/parietal- Hal and intrinsic factor
Pyloric glands- pepsinogen,gastrin,mucus
Cardiac glands- mucus
106
Pancreatic secretion
Proteolytic enzymes(trypsinogen,chymotrypsinogen)
Carbohydrate splitting enzymes(pancreatic amylase)
Lipolytic enzymes(pancreatic lipase) and bicarbonate
107
Function of pancreas
Digest proteins,lipids,carbs
Neutralise gastric acid
108
Constituents of gall bladder bile
Bile(bile salts,lipids,bile pigments,water,inorganic salts)
109
Function of bile acids
They form bile salts emulsifying of fats and. Michelle formation and ferrying function
110
Functions of bile
1)Emulsification of fats,2)excretion of metals,toxins,bacteria,bile pigments 3)bile salts stimulate intestine peristalsis and secretio of bile,4( neutralise acidic chyme
111
How is bile released
Formed by hepatic cells secretes into bile canaciuli-terminal bile ducts-hepatic duct-common bile duct -directly into duodenum or diverted through cystic duct into gall bladder
112
Functions of gall bladder
Store bile,concentrate bile salts and lipids,absorb electrolytes from bile
113
Amount of bile secretion
700 to 1200 ml
114
Duodenal secretions
Compound mucus glands/Brunner gland- mucus,simple cell mucus -mucus,crypts of lieberkuhn(watery fluid like ecf),enetrokinase,protolytic enzymes, Arno hydrate splitting,fat splitting enzymes
115
Pepsin function in protein digestion
Bei Gin protein digestion
116
Sucrase
Enzyme released in intestinal fluid which digest sucrose to glucose and fructose
117
Name of git enzymes
Alphaamylase,pepsinogen,gastric lipase,gastric amylase,gelatinise,proteolytic,carbohydrate splitting,lipolytic ,enterokinase,
118
Mucin
Large proteins with repeating amino acids that are glyosylated.mucin+water form mucus that serve as physical barrier that protect epithelial cells from pathogens and mechanical damage
119
Epwgat is monochromatic light
Light with single wavelength
120
Aclorhydria
Inability to secrete hcl
121
Vomiting reflex
Reflex loss of upper gastrointes Contents through mouth
122
Consequences of hyper gastriemia
Peptic ulcer
123
Metabolic pathways and organs in starvation
124
Malnutrition
125
Marasmus
126
Kwashiorkor
127
Functions of hormones of ant pituitary
Gh-protein synthesis and growth
TSH-synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
ACTH-synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones
Prolactin-development of female breasts and secretion of milk
Fsh-growth of follicles in ovaries and speed maturation in Sertoli cells of testes
Lh-testosterone synthesis in leidig cells,ovulation,formulation of corpus Leute um,estrogen progesterone synthesis in ovaries
128
Clinical significance of low and high t3 and t4 hormones
129
Difference between creationism and dwarfism
