PhysioLec - FE Terminologies Flashcards by Elisha Almazan

true or false: tissues have to be supplied with CO2 and
nutrients. They also have to remove the waste products
of metabolism.

false, tissues have to be supplied with O2 (not CO2)

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true or false: circulation’s function is to conduct hormones from one organ to another and to regulate the electrolyte balance and acid-base balance

true

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also known as lesser circulation; supplies blood from
the heart’s right ventricle to the pulmonary artery which branches into smaller arterioles and capillaries to the lungs

pulmonary circulation

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pulmonary circulation supplies blood form the heart’s right ventricle to the ________________ which branches into smaller arterioles and capillaries to the lungs.

pulmonary artery

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supplies blood from the heart’s left ventricle to the aorta and its branches to all organs/ tissues in the body
except the lungs.

systemic circulation

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blood, in turn, will be distributed to different tissues or organs of the body thru what

blood vessels

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systemic circulation is also called

greater or peripheral circulation

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a hollow muscular organ, regarded as the major pump of blood.

heart

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four (4) chambers of the heart

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

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receives blood from the vena
cava to the right ventricle

right atrium

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a large vein that collects blood from the venules

vena cava

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receives blood from the
pulmonary vein to the left ventricle

left atrium

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pumps out blood into the pulmonary artery into the lungs

right ventricle

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pumps out blood into the aorta

left ventricle

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a large artery that supplies blood to different organs/tissues of the body

aorta

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type of blood vessel transports blood (under high pressure) to the tissues and have strong vascular walls.

arteries

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last small branches of arterial system that act as control valves through which the blood is released into the capillaries

arterioles

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true or false: arterioles have strong muscular walls that can open and close (Relax or Constrict) in order to alter the blood flow in response to tissues’ needs

true

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true or false: capillaries are responsible for one-way diffusion process

false, they are responsible for TWO-WAY diffusion process

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are thin, porous blood vessel that allow the exchange of fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between the blood Fluid (PLASMA) and interstitial fluid (ISF)

capillaries

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collect blood from the capillaries and they gradually coalesce into larger veins.

venules

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this type of blood vessels act as blood reservoirs and function as conduits for the transport of blood from the venules back to the heart

veins

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true or false: the veins are well supplied with sympathetic nerve fibers; thus, they can increase the blood flow back to the heart when stimulated

true

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is the force exerted by the blood against the wall of a vessel

blood pressure

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is the amount of blood that flows in any point of the circulation at any given period of time

blood flow

determinants of blood flow

pressure difference on the 2 ends of a vessel and vascular resistance

factors affecting blood flow

blood hematocrit/Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and blood viscosity

types of blood flow

laminar blood flow/ streamline flow and turbulent blood flow

a new surge of blood in a vessel each time the heart beats

pulse

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

pulse pressure

two major factors affecting pulse pressure

stroke volume output of the heart and total distensibility of the arterial tree (vessel compliance)

is the spaces in between cells

interstitium

fluid present in the interstitium (outside of the capillary)

interstitial fluid (ISF)

17 mmHg; allows an outward movement of fluid from blood capillary to interstitial fluid (ISF)

capillary pressure (CP)

negative pressure, allows fluid movement outward towards ISF; + pressure allows inward fluid movement towards blood capillary)

interstitial fluid pressure (ISFP)

28mmHg; causes movement of fluid inward towards blood capillary

plasma colloid osmotic pressure (PCOP)

8mmHg; causes movement of fluid outward towards ISF

interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (ISCOP)

serve as an alternative pathway for the excess fluid in the ISF to return to the circulation

lymphatics

pertains to the amount of blood that returns into the heart through veins

venous return

pertains to the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart going to the major arteries

cardiac output

pertains to failure of the heart to pump out blood

cardiac failure

means generalized inadequate blood flow through the body to the point that the body tissues become damaged due to low oxygen and nutrients supply.

circulatory shock

a part of rbc which carries oxygen to the different tissues of the body

hemoglobin

this enzyme catalyze the reaction between CO2 and water to become Carbonic acid.

Carbonic anhydrases

decrease in the number of circulating RBC

anemia

main organ of production during second trimester of gestation

liver

increase in the number of circulating RBC

polycythemia

hematopoietic organs/ structures

yolk sac, bone marrow, liver

later part of gestation and after the birth of an individual

bone marrow

hormone required in the formation of production of RBC

erythropoietin

yellow color of urine if from

urobilin

fate of RBC after consuming its lifespan

- Eaten by Macrophages - Autolysis (Intravascular Hemolysis) - Hemolysis in the Mononuclear Phagocytic System or MPS (Extravascular Hemolysis)

are specialized macrophages located in the liver, lining the walls of the sinusoids

kupffer cells

maturation factors of RBC

vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) and folic acid (Pteroylglutamic acid)

are the body’s mobile defenses and regarded as polymorphonuclear cells

leukocytes

areas for destruction of RBC

spleen, red bone marrow, and liver

two (2) groups of leukocytes

granulocytes and agranulocytes

types of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

types of agranulocytes

monocytes and lymphocytes

4-8 hours in the circulating blood and 4-5 days in the tissues (to the areas where they are needed)

granulocytes

10-20 hours in the blood before their migration in the different tissues of the body to become the FIXED MACROPHAGES (tissue Macrophages)

monocytes

some enters in the different lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues for immune reaction

lymphocytes

cardinal signs of inflammation

1. Pain 2. Redness 3. Heat 4. Swelling (Edema) 5. Loss of Function

important cells in combating inflamed tissues. They have several properties which are necessary in combating inflammation or infection

white blood cells

alignment of cells along the periphery of capillary

margination

a process by which cells squeeze themselves through the pores of capillary.

Diapedesis (Granulocytes and Monocytes)

movement of cells through the use of pseudopodia or false feet

amoeboid movement

mixture of dead neutrophils and macrophages (+) necrotic cells and tissue fluid

pus

in response to the substances formed at the site of injury; bacterial toxins, degenerative tissues, substances in reaction to complement system, and other substances

chemotaxis

two (2) effects of histamine

vasodilation of blood vessels and bronchoconstriction

in case of allergy, basophils can form vasodilator substances like?

histamine and bradykinins

the ability of the body to resist foreign invaders

immunity

results from the general and physiological processes occurring in an individual

innate immunity

develops unless foreign body invades the individual thru active/passive Immunization

acquired immunity

such as Colostrum Intake, Blood Transfusion (Plasma convalescent transfusion), and Injection of HyperImmune SERUM.

passive immunization

formation of activated T lymphocytes or sensitized T cells (T helper cell, Cytotoxic/killer T cell, and Suppressor T cell/ regulatory T cell)

cellular immunity

immunoglobulins are produced by?

B lymphocytes and plasma cell

also called immunoglobulins (Ig)

antibodies

immunoglobulin (commonly found in body secretions like tears and saliva)

IgA

bivalent Ig (antibodies with two binding site for attachment of antigen); most numerous immunoglobulins present in the serum

IgG

polyvalent Ig (antibodies with ten binding site ); First response Ig; Large Ig

IgM

bivalent Ig; numerous in cases of allergic and parasitic reactions

IgE

are substances having a molecular weight of more than 8000, were termed “foreign bodies” because they are not normally present in the body

antigens (Ag)

give the process on how an antibody attacks and antigen indirectly

● Opsonization and phagocytosis of an antigen ● Lysis ● Agglutination ● Neutralization ● Chemotaxis ● Activation of mast cells and basophils ● Inflammatory reaction

give process on how an antibody attacks and antigen directly

● Agglutination ● Precipitation ● Neutralization ● Lysis

pertains to the prevention of blood loss

hemostasis

vascular constriction causes what?

local myogenic spasm, autacoids (Thromboxane A2), and nervous reflexes

to stimulate prothrombin activator and it started from the traumatized blood cells (platelets) upon contact with exposed collagen in the damaged vessel.

intrinsic way

deficiency in the number of platelets

thrombocytopenia

to stimulate the prothrombin activator (it started from tissue trauma/damaged vessel)

extrinsic way

substance that promotes blood clotting

procoagulant

substance that hinders blood clotting

anticoagulant

examples of procoagulant

calcium, vitamin K, fibrinogen, and prothrombin

individuals suffering from bleeding tendency due deficiency of Anti hemophilic factor

hemophilia

classification of anticoagulant

physiological and commercially available

these are the substances normally present in the body that hinders the occurrence of coagulation process

physiological anticoagulant

give examples of physiological anticoagulant

heparin, antithrombin III, prostaglandins, heparin cofactor, protein C

these are the substances that can be bought in the market and commonly use in the laboratory

commercially available anticoagulant

give examples of commercially available anticoagulant

heparin (both physiological and commercially available) Coumarin, Warfarin, EDTA, Ca EDTA

are third group of blood cells that originate from the Megakaryocytes

platelets

true or false: platelets are pliable and oval or coma shaped cells

true

true or false: platelets are approximately = 5,000-7,000 per microliter of blood (normal values vary in different animals).

false, 150,000- 300,000 microliter

contractile structures present in platelets

Actin and Myosin molecules and Thrombosthenin

true or false: platelets have residual of ER and Golgi apparatus that can synthesize various enzymes and store small quantities of anticoagulants

false, LARGE quantities of CALCIUM

the enzyme present in platelets synthesize what?

prostaglandins

Freefloating body, it will become thrombus over time, they can obstruct the blood flow

embolus

eating of fibrin, lyse the fibrin thread by macrophage

fibrinolysis

Coagulation process is marked by the presence of what

fibrin threads

repulses adherence of platelets to normal endothelium but causes adherence to damaged/ injure endothelial cells

glycoprotein

clotting factor I

fibrinogen

clotting factor II

prothrombin

clotting factor III

tissue factor

clotting factor IV

calcium

clotting factor V

proaccelerin

clotting factor VI

accelerin

clotting factor VII

proconvertin

clotting factor VIII

antihemophilic globulin A

clotting factor IX

christmas factor/ antihemophilic factor globulin B

clotting factor X

stuart prower factor

clotting factor XI

plasma thromboplastin antecedent/ antihemophilic globulin C

clotting factor XII

hageman factor

clotting factor XIII

fibrin-stabilizing factor

PhysioLec - FE Terminologies Flashcards

(122 cards)