Physiological

Question 1

Thiamine deficiency leads to Korsakoff’s syndrome, which results in damage to neurons in the _____ and ______

Answer 1

thalamus and mamillary bodies

Question 2

Globus pallidus transmits information to the ______

Answer 2

thalamus

Question 3

functions of the basal ganglia include:

Answer 3

initiation and control of voluntary movements, procedural and habit learning, cognitive functioning (attention/decision-making), procedural and implicit memory, and emotions

Question 4

The limbic system is made up of the amygdala, ______, and ______

Answer 4

cingulate cortex; hippocampus

Question 5

the cingulate cortex is involved in _____

Answer 5

attention, emotion, and perception and subjective experience of pain

Question 6

PTSD has been linked to hyperactivity in the amygdala and _______ in the ________

Answer 6

hypoactivity; ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 7

Gerstmann’s syndrome results from damage to the ______ lobe and symptoms include: ________

Answer 7

parietal; finger agnosia, right-left disorientation, agraphia (a loss of writing skills), and acalculia (a loss of arithmetic skills).

Question 8

Damage to certain areas of the __________ lobe causes perseveration, which involves repetition of the same response or action when it’s inappropriate to do so in a variety of situations and on a variety of tasks

Answer 8

frontal

Question 9

arcuate fasciculus

Answer 9

connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area

Question 10

Broca’s area is found in the _____ lobe, whereas Wernicke’s areas is found in the ______ lobe

Answer 10

frontal; temporal

Question 11

ideomotor apraxia

Answer 11

damage to left parietal lobe; inability to perform a motor activity in response to a verbal command

Question 12

damage to the dorsolateral PFC results in:

Answer 12

dysexecutive syndrome: impaired judgement, insight, planning, and organization

Question 13

damage to the orbitofrontal PFC results in:

Answer 13

disinhibition syndrome: behavioural disinhibition, distractibility, emotional lability, poor impulse control, and impaired social insight

Question 14

damage to the mediofrontal PFC results in:

Answer 14

apathetic-akinetic syndrome: pseudodepression, reduced emotional reactions, motor behaviour, and verbal output, impaired motivation ans sponteneity

Question 15

a drug that increases which neurotransmitter is likely to be most effective in treating OCD?

Answer 15

serotonin

Question 16

partial agonist

Answer 16

produce similar (but weaker) effects of a neurotransmitter

Question 17

which dopaminergic pathway is involved in emotion, motivation, and executive cognitive functions?

Answer 17

mesocortical

Question 18

which dopaminergic pathway plays a key role in production of purposeful movement?

Answer 18

nigrostriatal

Question 19

inverse agonist

Answer 19

produces the opposite effect of a neurotransmitter

Question 20

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes degeneration of ______ receptors at neuromuscular junctions, resulting in severe muscle weakness and fatigue

Answer 20

Acetylcholine

Question 21

glutamate excitotoxicity plays a role in many disorders including:

Answer 21

seizures, stroke, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s

Question 22

retinal disparity

Answer 22

the two eyes see two different views and the closer an object, the greater the disparity

Question 23

convergence

Answer 23

the tendency for the eyes to turn inward as an object gets closer and vice versa

Question 24

gate control theory says that pain can be relieved by ________

Answer 24

applying heat or cold to the affected areas, using distraction techniques, guided imagery, or hyponosis

Question 25

which psychophysics law states that there is an exponential relationship between psychological sensation and the magnitude of a physical stimulus and that the exponent varies for different stimuli

Answer 25

Steven's Law

Question 26

which psychophysics law states that the just noticeable difference (JND) for a stimulus is a constant proportion, regardless of the intensity of the original stimulus?

Answer 26

Weber's Law

Question 27

Weber's law only applies to stimuli in the _________

Answer 27

mid-range

Question 28

which psychophysics law states that there is a logarithmic relationship between psychological sensation and the magnitude of a physical stimulus?

Answer 28

Fechner's Law

Question 29

Fechner's law is more accurate than Weber's law for stimuli at ______

Answer 29

extreme intensities

Question 30

research has shown that drugs that block protein synthesis while acquiring new information interfere with the formation of _______

Answer 30

long-term memories but not short-term memories

Question 31

with regard to emotions, damage to the left hemisphere is likely to produce ______

Answer 31

depression or emotional volatility (catastrophic reaction)

Question 32

James lange theory of emotion

Answer 32

a stimulus is perceived, bodily arousal and behaviour occur, and emotion is then experienced

Question 33

what does the Papez circuit plays a fundamental role in?

Answer 33

emotions and memory (includes the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, thalamus, and cingulate cortex)

Question 34

The ______ theory of emotion proposes that all emotions are essentially the same in terms of physiological arousal and that people experience a particular emotion only after they experience physiological arousal and then assign a cognitive label to that arousal

Answer 34

Schachter-Singer two factor theory

Question 35

Allostasis refers to:

Answer 35

stability and adapting to change during times of stress

Question 36

Huntington’s disease is a progressive autosomal dominant disorder that has been linked to GABA and glutamate abnormalities in which part of the brain?

Answer 36

Basal Ganglia

Question 37

Middle cerebral artery stroke

Answer 37

symptoms include contralateral sensory loss and weakness (especially in the arm and face), contralateral visual field loss, and aphasia when the dominant hemisphere is affected or apraxia and contralateral neglect when the non-dominant hemisphere is affected.

Question 38

Diabetes Insipidus is usually caused by a low level of _________

Answer 38

antidiuretic hormone

Question 39

in terms of prognosis in memory loss from a TBI, most people experience the most recovery during the first _____ months, with substantial improvement during ______

Answer 39

3 months, the first year

Question 40

excessive glutamate activity in the _______ is implicated in the progression of Parkinson’s disease and degeneration of _______ neurons in the locus coeruleus is responsible for non-motor symptoms, including depression, cognitive deficits, and sleep disturbances

Answer 40

basal ganglia; norepinephrine

Question 41

Up to 50% of people with Parkinson's have depression at some time during the disorder, with depressive symptoms preceding motor symptoms in about ____% of cases.

Answer 41

20

Question 42

Clozapine and other second-generation antipsychotics are dopamine and serotonin _______

Answer 42

antagonists

Question 43

A person who takes an SSRI concomitantly with an MAOI may develop serotonin syndrome, which is characterized by:

Answer 43

agitation, hyperthermia, and autonomic instability

Question 44

a potential side-effect of carbamazepine is agranulocytosis, which is a(n) _______ disorder

Answer 44

blood

Question 45

Benzodiazepines have a ____ half-life for older adults than for younger adults and, therefore, are often prescribed for older adults at a ______ dose than they are for younger adults

Answer 45

longer; lower

Question 46

A young man taking a conventional antipsychotic as a treatment for schizophrenia develops tardive dyskinesia. Of the following, what would be the best course of action in this situation?

Answer 46

replace the conventional antipsychotic with an atypical antipsychotic

Question 47

out of the antidepressants, _______ are more likely to produce sexual dysfunction and ______ are more likely to produce anticholinergic effects.

Answer 47

SSRIs; TCAs

Question 48

Tardive Dyskinesia is cause by _________ and involves ____________

Answer 48

long-term use of antipsychotic drugs; repetitive involuntary movements of the tongue, face, neck, truck, and extremities

Question 49

When lithium has not reduced the symptoms of mania for an individual who has received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, an alternative is:

Answer 49

Carbamazepine