physiological measurements Flashcards

1
Q

what does NEWS stand for?

A
  • national early warning score
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is NEWS 2?

A
  • tool that acts as a track and trigger response
  • hospital deterioration or cardiac arrest preceded by change in vital signs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what physiological indices is NEWS 2 based on? (6)

A
  • respiratory rate
  • oxygen saturation
  • blood pressure
  • heart rate
  • ACVPU
  • temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does ACVPU stand for?

A
  • alert
  • confusion
  • voice
  • pain
  • unresponsive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the scale for NEWS 2?

A
  • each have a score ranging from 0 normal range and 3 extreme cases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do you calculate NEWS?

A
  • if 1-5 cause for concern and should be escalated to change nurse, junior doctor
  • if no improvement should be escalated to critical care outreach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does a NEWS score of over 5 mean?

A
  • critical care outreach needs to be informed immediately
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the normal respiration rate?

A
  • 12 to 20 breaths per minute
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how is respiration rate measured?

A
  • assess rise and fall of the chest wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do you take respiratory rate manually?

A
  • count for 60 seconds
  • one full rise and fall is counted as one breath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what should you observe from respiratory rate?

A
  • rate
  • depth
  • rhythm
  • any abnormal movements
  • work of breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is the control centre located?

A
  • medulla oblongata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the respiration rate controlled by?

A
  • chemical control> chemoreceptors
  • nervous control- phrenic and intercostal nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is tachypnoea?

A
  • increase in respiratory rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is bradypnoea?

A
  • reduction of respiratory rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the causes of tachypnoea?

A
  • respiratory pathologies
  • asthma
  • COPD
  • heart failure
  • fever
  • pain
  • distress
  • PE
  • pneumonia
  • anxiety
  • acute respiratory distress syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the causes of bradypnoea?

A
  • medications
  • opioid
  • head injury
  • complications in respiratory failures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do you do with the cuff when measuring BP? what should you ensure?

A
  • wrap the cuff around the upper arm bicep
  • arrow should be in line with the brachial artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what position should the model be in for taking blood pressure?

A
  • sitting or in a lying position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what can assess postural hypertension?

A
  • lying to standing blood pressure readings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the systolic BP?

A
  • measure of the peak pressure in which blood hits the artery
  • top number
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the diastolic BP?

A
  • lower lowest point
  • bottom number
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the normal BP systolic rate?

A
  • 90mmhg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the precautions for measuring blood pressure?

A
  • fistulas > avoid taking from that side
  • cannulas
  • open wounds
  • fractures/ trauma
  • lymphedema
  • any surgical procedures that affect access to arm
  • skin integrity compromise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is low blood pressure called?
- hypotension
26
what is a high blood pressure called?
- hypertension
27
what are the causes of hypotension?
- hypovolaemia (loss of fluids, blood, diarrhoea, vomiting) - sepsis - anaphylaxis - medications - PE
28
what are the causes of hypertension?
- agitation and anxiety - MI - heart failure - asthma - stroke - infection - sepsis - PE
29
what is oxygen saturation?
- measure of the percentage of hemoglobin binding with oxygen
30
what is the normal oxygenation?
- normally 94-100%
31
what device do you use to measure oxygen saturation?
- electronic pulse oximeter device
32
what do you do with the device to measure sp02?
- place the device on finger with screen pointing up - concentration of 02 given as a percentage
33
what are the precautions of oxygen saturation?
- nail polish, false nails - history of hypoxia - fractures - trauma
34
what is oxygen saturation driven by?
- hypercapnic drive
35
what does low sp02 indicate?
- respiratory compromise - cardiovascular compromise
36
what are the causes of low sp02?
- asthma - heart failure - PE - MI - sepsis - acute respiratory distress syndrome pneumothorax - post surgery
37
what is the normal heart beat?
- normally between 50-100 beats per min
38
how do you measure heart beat?
- measured by assessing palpating the radial artery and counting the number of beats per min
39
what fingers should you use while palpating the radial artery?
- index and middle finger
40
how can you take pulse rate using a device?
- pulse oximeter
41
what should you assess from the pulse rate? (3)
- rate - strength - depth of pulse
42
what are the precautions of taking heart rate?
- open wounds - fractures - skin integrity compromise - arterial lines
43
what can provide abnormal readings/ no reading of HR?
- nail polish
44
what is heart rate controlled by? where is it located?
- controlled by autonomic nervous centre - in medulla oblongata
45
what are the two different responses of HR?
- sympathetic - parasympathetic
46
what does the sympathetic nerve do?
- increases HR - fight or flight response
47
what does the parasympathetic nerve do?
- reduces the HR
48
what is a high heart rate called? - what number
- tachycardia - over 100
49
what is a low heart rate called? - what number?
- bradycardia - under 50
50
what are the causes of tachycardia?
- anxiety - medication - heart failure - PE - anaphylaxis - acute respiratory distress syndrome
51
what is a sign of deterioration?
- increase or decrease in temperature
52
what response is temperature?
- homeostatic response
53
where is the control centre of temperature?
- hypothalamus
54
what is the normal temperature? what is it called?
- 36 to 37.5 degrees - apyrexial
55
what is low grade temperature? - when does this happen?
- 38 degrees - mild inflammation, infection or allergy
56
what is moderate to high grade temp?
- 38 to 40 degrees - infection possible wound or soft tissue injury
57
what is hyperpyrexia?
- high temperature - bacterial infections - or injury to the hypothalamus
58
what is hypothermia?
- temperature below 35
59
what is hypothermia the result of?
- infection - serious sign of potential organ compromise
60
what is the A-G of imaging ?
- alignment - bones - cardiac - diaphragm - expansion - fields - gadgets
61
what is the alignment in imaging?
- spinous process are in the centre of the trachea
62
what are the bones for breathing?
- clavicle - spinous process - scapula - ribs
63
what is the cardiac aspect of imaging?
- heart takes up 3rd of the distance of the angle, aortic arch, cardio- phrenic angle
64
what is the diaphragm aspect of imaging?
- costophrenic right shoulder should be higher than the left due to the position of the liver
65
what does expansion go to?
- goes to the 6th rib
66
what is the field aspect of imaging?
- hilum blood vessels
67
what is the gadgets aspects of imaging?
- identify any objects to rule out pathology