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Physiology 1- Circulatory System- Blood: DVM > Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Physiology 1 Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart, blood, blood vessels

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2
Q

What serves as the transport medium within which materials being transported are dissolved or suspended?

A

Blood

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3
Q

What are the five main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Distribute O2 and nutrients throughout body
  2. Transport CO2 and metabolic waste products
  3. Distribute water, electrolytes, and hormones throughout body
  4. Contribute to infrastructure of immune system
  5. Thermoregulation
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4
Q

What is the pump for the body?

A

The heart

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5
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) does what?

A

Lowers blood pressure by increasing urine production, thus reducing blood volume

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6
Q

___________ function as the passageways through which blood is directed and distributed.

A

Blood vessels

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7
Q

Vascular endothelial cells are found where?

A

Lining the inner surface of blood vessels

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8
Q

________ and ________ are two important endothelial vasodilators.

A

Nitric oxide and prostacyclin

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9
Q

________ and __________ are two important endothelial vasoconstrictors.

A

Endothelin and thromboxane A2

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10
Q

The heart’s main function is a pump. Its second function is an _________?

A

Endocrine organ

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11
Q

When atrial blood pressure is increased, what is released?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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12
Q

The two main circuits of the cardiovascular system are: ________ and ___________.

A

Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation

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13
Q

The rate blood is pumped from each ventricle: __________.

A

Cardiac output

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14
Q

The rate blood is returned to the atria from the vein: ______.

A

Venus return

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15
Q

What is the definition of stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle with each contraction of the heart

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16
Q

The pressure in the artery when no blood is being ejected from the left ventricle: __________.

A

Diastolic pressure

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17
Q

The lowest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle is ____________.

A

Diastolic pressure

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18
Q

Pulse pressure is ___________.

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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19
Q

The __________________ reflects the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle in a single beat.

A

Magnitude of the pulse pressure

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20
Q

The volume in the ventricle before ejection is called what?

A

End-diastolic volume or preload

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21
Q

The volume in the ventricle after ejection is called what?

A

End-systolic volume

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22
Q

What circuit of the cardiovascular system pumps blood of all organs?

A

Systemic circulation

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23
Q

The pulmonary circulation circuit consists of the _________, __________, ___________, and __________.

A

Right heart, pulmonary arteries, veins, and capillaries

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24
Q

Systemic circulation is what type of circulation?

A

High pressue

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25
What circulatory circuit utilizes of the left heart, systemic arteries, capillaries, and veins?
Systemic circulation
26
Pulmonary circulation pumps blood to the _________ via __________.
Lungs, low pressure circulation
27
The period of cardiac contraction and emptying is known as ____________.
Systole
28
Systolic pressure is the ___________ arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle.
Highest
29
The pressure in the artery after blood has been ejected from the left ventricle is _____________.
Systolic pressure
30
Diastole is the period of cardiac _________ and __________.
Relaxation and filling
31
Blood is pumped sequentially from the ________ ventricle into systemic circulation, the ________ ventricle into _________ circulation, then back to the left heart.
Left, right, pulmonary
32
MAP stands for ___________?
Mean arterial pressure
33
The average pressure responsible for driving blood into the tissues through the cardiac cycle is _____________?
Mean arterial pressure
34
Mean arterial pressure is monitored and regulated by ___________.
Blood pressure reflexes
35
The heart pumps against this type of pressure __________..
After-load
36
The three primary classes of blood plasma proteins are __________, ___________, and __________.
Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen
37
How does EDTA effect blood ?
Prevents it from clotting
38
Heparin is a natural product of what three types of cells?
Mast, endothelial, and WBCs
39
What two groups establish the osmotic gradient between blood and interstitial fluid?
Free carboxyl (--COOH) and free amino (--NH2)
40
The buffer system in blood plasma allows what to be released when pH rises?
H+ ions of the protein carboxyl group
41
If pH falls in the blood, a _________ animo group can ___________ with H+ ions to establish equilibrium.
basic, combine
42
What is the primary force responsible for preventing excessive loss of plasma from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid?
Osmotic pressure
43
What helps maintain plasma volume?
The osmotic gradient
44
This component of the blood makes up 55% of plasma proteins and is the major contributor to osmotic pressure.
Albumin
45
Albumin is also important in the _________ of fatty acids.
Transport
46
There are _________ types of transport globulins.
Five
47
38% of plasma proteins are what?
Globulins
48
Thryoid binding globulin transports and binds what hormone?
Thyroxine
49
Transcortin transports _________ and __________ in the blood.
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and cortisol
50
What transport globulin shuttles iron?
Transferrin
51
Sex hormones are transported by ______________, which are globulins.
Steroid-binding proteins
52
_________________ are crucial to the defense mechanisms of the body.
Immunoglobulins
53
Fibrinogen's job is to _____________ and makes up ______________ percent of plasma proteins.
Clot blood, 7%
54
These three polypeptide hormones are referred to as regulatory proteins: ____________, ____________, ___________.
Prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and insulin
55
More than 90% of plasma proteins are produced in what organ?
Liver
56
Lymphocytes produce _____________________.
Immunoglobulins
57
Plasma hormones are produced by various ____________.
Endocrine organs
58
The primary difference between plasma and interstitial fluid are __________ and _________.
Concentration of dissolved proteins and levels of respiratory gasses
59
O2 enters the blood in the ___________ and CO2 enters the blood from the __________.
Lungs, tissues
60
Hemopoiesis takes place in the _____________.
Bone marrow
61
True or false: hemopoiesis and hematopoiesis are the same processes?
True
62
True or false: platelets are cells.
False, they are pieces of cells.
63
A hemocytoblast will produce _________ or __________ stem cells.
Myeloid or lmyphoid
64
What cell can either replace itself or commit to a particular pathway when it divides?
Hemocytoblast
65
Lymphoid stem cells are mostly formed in the __________ and ___________.
Lymph nodes and spleen
66
Myeloid stem cells develop into their respective formed elements under the influence of what three hormones?
Erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and colony stimulating factors
67
Myeloid stem cells differentiate into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes under the influence of ________________.
Colony stimulating factors
68
Megakaryocytes then platelets develop from myeloid stem cells under the influence of _____________.
Thrombopoietin
69
Reticulocytes then RBCs develop from myeloid stem cells under the influence of this hormone ________________.
Erythropoietin
70
What are the four hematopoietic growth factors that stimulate white blood cell production?
1. Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) 2. Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) 3. Granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CFS) 4. Multi-CFS
71
Multi-CFS does what to production of granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes?
Accelerates
72
Erythropoietin (EPO) operates on what kind of system?
Negative feedback
73
How many stages of development are there in erythropoiesis?
Four
74
Erythrocytes are derived from ____________ and hemocytoblasts in _______________.
Committed stem cells and red bone marrow
75
Erythropoietin is a hormone produced mostly in the ___________.
Kidneys
76
Reduced ______________ stimulates EPO replease from the kidneys to launch the development of erythrocytes.
O2 carrying compacity
77
___________ and ____________ of erythrocytes are maintained at an equal rate.
Production and destruction
78
True or false: a reticulocyte loses its endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and ribosomes as it matures into a erythrocyte.
True
79
An immature erythrocyte is called a ___________.
Reticulocyte
80
What shape are erythrocytes?
Biconcave
81
What has many important effects on RBC function?
Its unique shape
82
How many effects does the shape of the RBC have on its function?
Three
83
True or false: RBCs have a large surface area to allow O2 diffusion across membrane.
True
84
True or false: Thickness of the cell allows for reapid diffusion of O2 between the exterior and interior of the cell.
False, thinness does.
85
True or false: the erythrocyte's flat, disc-like shape helps it travel through the capillaries without rupturing.
True
86
Oxygenated hemoglobin is referred to as __________.
Oxyhemoglobin
87
Hemoglobin transports O2 and consists of two portions: ______________ and ________________.
A globin and four heme groups.
88
What are heme groups?
Four highly folded iron-containing, non-protein polypeptide chains that make up hemoglobin
89
Four ___________ molecules bind reversibly with _________ molecules on the RBC.
O2, iron
90
Oxygen is ________________ in plasma.
Poorly soluble
91
What percentage of O2 is bound to hemoglobin in the blood?
99%
92
True or false: the globulin portion of hemoglobin also binds CO2.
True
93
Carbanimophemoglobin carries _________% of CO2 in the blood?
23%
94
What is the physiological significance of the 1% dissolved O2 in the blood?
It drives hemoglobin to drop off bound O2 molecules in the lungs by binding with CO2.

Physiology 1- Circulatory System- Blood: DVM (1 decks)

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