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Year 1 - Respiratory > Physiology 1 - Forces of Respiration > Flashcards

Physiology 1 - Forces of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Is inspiration active or passive?

A

Inspiration is active

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2
Q

Which three factors keep alveoli open?

A

Transmural pressure gradient
Pulmonary surfactants
Alveolar interdependence

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3
Q

Which 2 forces allow lungs to adhere to the chest?

A

Transmural pressure gradient

Intrapleural cohesion

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4
Q

State the mmHg for Atmospheric Pressure, Alveolar Pressure and Intrapleural pressure

A

Atmospheric Pressure - 760 mmHg
Alveolar Pressure - 760 mmHg
Intrapleural Pressure - 756 mmHg

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5
Q

During inspiration, which two muscles help most?

A

Diaphragm - contracts to become flat

External Intercostal Muscles - Lifts ribs upwards and outwards

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6
Q

How does a pneumothorax abolish transmural pressure gradient? What is the result?

A

Pneumothorax allows air entry into the pleural space and raises pleural (intrathoracic) pressure gradient.
The lung collapses.

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7
Q

What are symptoms of pneumothorax?

A

shortness of breath

chest pain

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8
Q

what are the physical signs of pneumothorax?

A

hyperressonant percussion note

decreased/absent breath sounds

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9
Q

Which law states that at constant temperature the pressure exerted by a gas is inverse to the volume of gas?

i.e. when volume of gas increases the pressure exerted by gas decreases

A

Boyle’s Law

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10
Q

Why is Boyle’s law important to respiration?

A

For air to flow down its pressure gradient, intra-alveolar pressure should become less than atmospheric pressure.
This happens during inspiration when lungs expand.

Also needed for expiration

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11
Q

Which 2 factors cause lungs to recoil during passive expiration?

A

Elastic connective tissues

Alveolar surface tension

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12
Q

What reduces alveolar surface tension?

A

Surfactants

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13
Q

What produces surfactants?

A

Type 2 alveoli

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14
Q

Name the two major inspiratory muscles

A

Diaphragm

External intercostal muscles

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15
Q

Name the 3 accessory muscles of inspiration used during forceful inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus
Pectoral

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16
Q

Name 2 muscles of active expiration?

A

Abdominal muscles

Internal intercostal muscles

17
Q

Volume of air entering or leaving lungs during a single breath?
0.5L

A

Tidal Volume (TV)

18
Q

Extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above the typical resting tidal volume
3.0L

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

19
Q

Extra volume of air that can be actively expired by maximal contraction beyond the normal volume of air after a resting tidal volume
1.0L

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

20
Q

Minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration
(1.2L)

A

Residual volume (RV)

21
Q

Maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal quiet expiration
(3.5L)

A

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

IC = Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume

22
Q

Volume of air in lungs at end of normal passive expiration (2.2L)

A

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

FRC = Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume

23
Q

Maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration (4.5L)

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

VC = Inspired Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Expired Reserve Volume

24
Q

Total volume of air the lungs can hold (5.7L)

A

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

TLC = Vital Capacity + Reserve Volume.

25
Q

Which three lung volumes and two lung capacities can spirometry measure?

A

Tidal Volume
Inspiratory & Expiratory Reserve Volume
Inspiratory Capacity
Vital Capacity

26
Q

What is the normal Fev1/FVC ratio?

A

> 75%

27
Q

Maximum volume that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs following a maximum inspiration

A

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

28
Q

Volume of air that can be expired during the first second of expiration in an FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) determination

A

Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)

29
Q

In diagnosing restrictive vs obstructive diseases, which measurement differs and which stays the same?

A

FVC differs

FEV1 same

30
Q

A peak flow meter is used for obstructive or restrictive lung disease?

A

obstructive lung disease (e.g. asthma/COPD)

31
Q

Which nerve innervates the major inspiratory muscles? Name its levels.

A

Phrenic nerve

C3, 4, 5

Year 1 - Respiratory (11 decks)

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