Physiology Flashcards by Anagha Rao

FEED-FORWARD

Homeostatic response before change has happened
“proactive mind”
eg. 1) ⬆HR before athlete starts sprint
2) smell of food —> digestive
3) ⬆insulin before glucose absorption starts

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+ve feedback

1) Thrombus formation
2) LH surge
3) Action potential

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-ve feedback M/C

Gastric secretion

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Membrane fluidity increased by

LINOLEIC acid (PUFA)

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Peripheral protein

Cell surface receptor; NOT Na/K ATPase enzymes

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INTEGRAL protein

pumps, carriers, GPCR

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Pest protein content per gram tissue

IMM (inner mito membrane)

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Gap junction

Neuron
Smooth muscles
Cardiac muscles
NOT Skeletal muscles

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Gap

Connexons

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Zona adherans

Cadherin

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Desomosome

Desmoglein

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Hemidesmosome

INTEGRIN

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INTEGRIN

Connects fibronectin, collagen and laminin

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Mol MOTOR

DYnein, Dynamin, Myosin, Kinesin

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Absent DYNEIN ARM in cilia

Kartagener

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CILIOCYTOPHTHORIA

Viral cilia #

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Mitotic spindles

TUBULIN

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CORTISOL (steroids)

Not stored before release

Vs proteins stored

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Gain of function of G protein

MC Cune Albright

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Absorption of saly cilates

NON-IONIC diffusion

Bile in distal ileum
Weak acid/base kidney
NH3 in CD

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Ca absorption

1° - 2(⬇intracellular Ca)
1) SR
2)ECF
2° -1 (Na-Ca antiport)
Na in cell, Ca outside

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EXOCYTOSIS

a) Regulated pathway: NON CONSTITUTIVE

b) Constitutive pathway

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Regulated pathway (NON-CONSTITUTIVE)

Golgi proteins–> secretory granules

pro hormone—> mature hormone

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Constitutive pathway

Package into vesicles (no modification)

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EMEIOCYTOSIS/ reverse pinocytosis

requires Ca+2

Driving force

measured membrane potential - Calculate EP

Current flow across single ion channel

PATCH CLAMP technique

Total blood volume

Plasma volume/1-hematocrit

Blood vol (ml)/ Body weight (kg) in child

75-80 ml/kg | neonate=105

Water content in lean mass

70ml/100g

via DYE DILUTION

Vd calculation

Vd= dye amt INJECTED - EXCRETED/ P. CONC.

Interstitial fluid

ECF - Plasma vol

ECF

Inulin - mannitol - sucrose - STS/STC

Evan blue

Iodine-125 Albumin

TBW

D2O H20 Aminopyrine Antipyrine

NaCl

1 mol = 58.5g (Na-23) (Cl-35.5)

1 equivalent of Ca

20 (40-molecular weight/2-valency)

Normal plasma osmolarity

Na [2Na + Glu/18 + Urea N/2.8

Daily water loss in sweat (Normal activity) | Hyper osm volume contraction

50-100 ml/day

Safety factor against EDEMA

17mm Hg: Lymph-7 Protein washdown in interstitial spaces- 7 Low tissue compliance- 3

Insensible losses/day

500-600mL - skin - lungs

DRG

Pseudocenipolar

TRIGGER for AP

AXON HILLOCK + initial segment (⬆⬆ delta voltage gated Na+ - K+ channel)

Max no of Na+/microm^2

NODE OF RANVIER

SENSORY nerve cutaneous | TRIGGER:

propogated AP generated @ 1st Node of Ranvier

At 1/3 repolarisation

Start of Relative ref. pd

Slow rising stimulus FALLS to fire due to

Accomodation

⬇ low standing response , ⬆ stimulus

Adaption

End plate potential

DOES NOT follow all/none

Measure synaptic potential

MICRO electrode

Puffer fish

TETRADOTOXIN ---> #Na+ channel

Chemical synapse in CNS

always ORTHODROMIC

Fast AXON transport

- Dynein (retro) - Kinesin (ortho) NOT NEUROFILAMENT - Microtubules

Retrograde

200mm/d - rabies, HSV, polio - synaptic vesicle - Growth factors

Orthograde

400mm/d 0.5-10mm/day All others

Microtubules: Orthograde

Fast : 400mm/day Slow: 0.5-10mm/d KINESIN

Microtubules: Retrograde

200mm/d DYNEIN HSV, rabies, polio , secretory vesicles, Nerve GF

In ⬆ Kt

RMP moves closer to threshold and neurons become EXCITABLE | -45 TO -60

Absolute Ref period

Closure of INACTIVE Na+ channels | open, closed, inactive

Na channels GATES

1) Activation gate | 2) Inactivation Gate

Muscle regulatory protein

TROPOMYOSIN & TROPONIM

Contractile

Actin and Myosin

Structural

Titin, dystrophin, Actinin & Cap Z, Nebulin, Tropomodulin, Myomesin

Troponim

Absent in smooth muscles!

MYOSIN

1.6micrometers 2 heavy 4 light chains

Pseudo H zone

between 2 sides of M line | M Z

TITIN (muscle myosin and actin filaments kept in place)

Binds Myosin heads to Z disc

Ca stored in

Terminal cistern of SR

Resting length

length of muscle fibre at onset of contraction required to attain max active tension

"Optimum l" ( l-resting length)

2micrometer (max overlap between actin and myosin)

Active tension

Total tension - passive tension

Active tension depends on

- No of motor units recruited - AP - fiber --> length and diameter - fatigue

Cardiac muscles

-Alpha myosin ATRIA -Beta myosin VENTRICLE

Phospho lamban phosphorylation | (regulates Ca+2 entry into SR)*

+ve IONOTROPIC effect in sympath

Cardiac muscles

NO TETANISATION (due to long ref pd) -all/none LT relationship plateau pot

Hollow viscera muscle

SINGLE UNIT smooth muscle only

(Smooth) Calmodulin

Structurally and functionally related to TROPONIN C (skeletal) Calmodulin: MLCK, Troponin C: Tropomyosin

Latching mechanism

Smooth muscle (cross bridge cling on)

iP3--->

⬆Ca+2

No protoplasmic continuity between

Pre and post synaptic

Synaptic cleft

20-40mm

Non MAONT

GABBA (amino acid)

NT at CNS

Metatotropic NT

Via 2° messenger

MAJOR NT in brain (excitatory)

Glutamate | Glycine also

Neuro MODULATOR slower than

IPSP Cl- influx

slow IPSP - Cardiac - Smooth--Autonomic gang inhibition

Renshaw (Glycine)

Feedback inhibition

Pre-syn facilitation

prolonged opening of Ca+2 channel

Pain- sharp, pricking

AS | GLUTAMATE

Pain- diffuse, chronic, burning

C | Substance P

Reward pathway

Dopomine

Basal forebrain complex

ACh (N. of Maynert)

ACh

⬆⬆ in REM | 5HT and NE⬇⬇

STN

Glutamine/glutamate

Excitatory NT

ACh, glutamate, NE

Serotonin HIGHEST conc at

Platelets and GIT

NMDA

Ca+2, glutamate (endogenous agonist) at Hippocampus

Siachen soldier

RECTAL temp

Phasic receptor

Rapidly adapting | eg. Messner's

Mechanoreceptor | "external environment"

Exteroceptors | vs interoceptor---> internal environment

Mose Algogenic (pain) substance

Bradykinin

Phantom limb

CORTICAL PLASTICITY

Normal perception as painful

ALLODYNIA

Hyperalgesia

⬆ response to pain stimulus (pain threshold change)

Causalgia

Neuropathic pain

ANANDAMIDE

Periaqueductal gray = PAIN

TRP (transient receptor potential)

Most active @ Normal skin temp= TRPV3

BELL-MEGENDIE law

in SC: - Dorsal: Sensory - Ventral: Motor

MULLER's principle of specific normal energies

Specific sense organ stimulates only that specific sensation. no matter where along the pathway it is stimulated.

LABELLED LINE

All sensation travel in specific paths.

Decussation of ascending @

SC and Medulla

Cortical representation of body

``` V E R T I NOT seggital C A L ```

SSA 1 #: | tactile # 2-point dis #

Q # localization, texture, wts judgement, dig of pressure, astereognosis pain and temp localization.