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Primary FRCA > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath

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2
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume of gas remaining after a maximal forced expiration

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3
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

Volume of gas that can be further inhaled at the end of a normal tidal inhalation

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4
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

Volume of gas that can be further exhaled at the end of a normal tidal exhalation

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5
Q

Capacity

A

Sum of one or more lung volumes

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6
Q

Vital capacity

A

Volume of gas inhaled when maximal expiration is followed by maximal inhalation

Sum of ERV, TV and IRV

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7
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

Volume of gas that remains after a normal tidal expiration

Sum of ERV and RV

3000ml

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8
Q

Closing Volume

A

Volume of gas over and above residual volume that remains in the lungs when small airways begin to close

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9
Q

Closing Capacity

A

Lung capacity at which small airways begin to close

Sum of RV and CV

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10
Q

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

A

PVR = (MPAP - LAP)/CO X 80

Dyne.s-1/cm-5

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11
Q

Factors Increasing PVR

A

PaCO2
Acidosis
Hypoxia
Adrenaline/Noradrenaline
Thromboxane A2
Angiotensin II
5-HT3
Histamine
High or low lung volume

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12
Q

Factors Decreasing PVR

A

Alkalosis
Isoprenaline
Acetylcholine
Prostaglandins
Nitric Oxide
Increased peak airway pressures/pulmonary venous pressure
Volatile agents

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13
Q

Dead Space

A

The volume of the airways in which no gas exchange occurs

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14
Q

Anatomical Dead Space

A

Volume of the conducting airways that does not contain any respiratory epithelium

Nasal cavity to generation 16 terminal bronchioles

Measured by Fowler’s method - 2mls.kg

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15
Q

Alveolar Dead Space

A

The volume of those alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused

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16
Q

Physiological Dead Space

A

The sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space

Calculated using the Bohr equation

17
Q

Fowler’s Method

A

Measures anatomical dead space

Vital capacity breath of oxygen and then exhales through a nitrogen analyser

18
Q

Bohr Equation

A

Calculates physiological dead space ratio to TV

Normally around 30% / ratio 0.3

VD/VT = (PaCO2-PeCO2)/PaCO2

19
Q

The Pasteur Point

A

The oxygen concentration below which oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur in the mitochondria.

1mmHg (0.13kPa)

20
Q

Oxygen Extraction Ratio

A

The fraction of delivered oxygen that is taken up by the tissues

O2ER = VO2/DO2. Normally 0.2-0.3

Differs between organs, the heart having an OER of 0.6

21
Q

P50

A

Partial pressure of O2 in the blood at which haemoglobin is 50% saturated.

22
Q

Factors causing Left Shift - increased affinity

A

Decreased PaCO2
Alkalosis
Decreased temperature
Decreased DPG
Fetal haemoglobin
Carbon monoxide
Methaemoglobin

23
Q

Factors causing Right Shift - increased offloading

A

Increased PaCO2
Acidosis
Increased temperature
Increased DPG
Pregnancy
Altitude
Haemoglobin

24
Q

Bohr Effect

A

The affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen is reduced by a reduction in pH and increased by an increase in pH

25
Q

Haldane Effect

A

Deoxygenated haemoglobin is able to carry more CO2 than oxygenated haemoglobin

-deoxyHb forms carb amino complexes with CO2
-deoxyHb is a better buffer of H+ forming more HCO3

26
Q

Compliance

A

Volume change per unit change in pressure

ml/cmH2O-1 or L/kPa-1

27
Q

Static compliance

A

Compliance of the lung measured when gas flow has ceased

28
Q

Dynamic compliance

A

Compliance of the lung measured during the respiratory cycle when gas flow is ongoing

ml/cmH2O-1 or L/kPa-1

28
Q

Dynamic compliance

A

Compliance of the lung measured during the respiratory cycle when gas flow is ongoing

29
Q

Resistance

A

Pressure change per unit volume

Primary FRCA (3 decks)

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