Physiology

Question 1

sperm head development ?

maturation?

Answer 1

sperm head development in seminephrous tubule

maturation occurs in epididymis

Question 2

portal triad

Answer 2

hepatic artery
portal vein
bile duct

Question 3

HCO3 with metabolic acidosis

Answer 3

HCO3 loss: in saliva lossor in diarrhea
HCO3 titration: conversion of HCo3 into salt . which occur in grain overload, ketosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal disease.
some toxin such as metaldehyde, ethylene glycol,

Question 4

retovirus diseases

Answer 4

equine infectious anemia
feline leukemia
bovine leukosis
madi visna virus
this retrovirus hides in monocytes from immune system

Question 5

disease caused by morbilivirus

Answer 5

PPR, Rinder pest, canine distemper

Question 6

which horn carry more pregnancy in camelid

Answer 6

left horn carry almost 90 percent of pregnancy in camels

Question 7

Polyradiculoneuritis or coonhound paralysis

Answer 7

immune reaction to antigen exposure by post vaccination or raccoon bite in coonhound dogs
signs begining in pelvic limbs and leads to tetrapresis in 1 to 2 days

Question 8

dermatomyositis

Answer 8

collies and sheltland sheep dogs
aclopecia and crusting
immune mediated

Question 9

pancreatic fluke ?

Answer 9

erytrema pancreaticum live in pancreas

Question 10

paramphostomum cervi?

dicrocelium dendriticum/

Answer 10

PC lives in rumen

DD lives in bile duct

Question 11

blindness with pupil dilated with light , lesion will be in ?

Answer 11

occipetal cortex

Question 12

glial cells of CNS?

Answer 12

astrocytes (structural, nutrtional support)
oligodendrite (myelin sheeth surrounding cells)
microglial cells (migrate and phagocytize the waste product of nerve tissue)

Question 13

glial cells of pNS

Answer 13

schwan cells

Question 14

type 3 hypersensitvity reaction

Answer 14

glomerulonephritis
hypersensitvity pneumonia
purpura hemmorragica
anterior uveitis
vasculitis in equine

Question 15

cause of feline acquired symmetrical alopecia

Answer 15

flea allergy

Question 16

cox 1 inhibiotrs

cox2 inhibitors

Answer 16

cox 1 inhibiotrs: flunixin meglumin, phenylbutazone, aspirin

cox2 inhibitors: meloxicam, carprofen

Question 17

capnogrphy

Answer 17

expired co2 in each breath , also called end tidal CO2
normal value (awake animals) 0 mmhg at expiration and 35 to 40 mmhg at expiration. during inhalant anesthesia level rise to 40-55 mmhg at expiration.
higher level of CO2 at expiration indicate hypoxia and patient need to be taken care of the anesthesia.

Question 18

hypomagnesemia

Answer 18

low magnesium in blood and CSF.

magnesium is lost in the milk so most cases are inn early lactation.

Question 19

renal threshhold for glucose in dog and cat?

Answer 19

in dog is 180mg/dl

in cat 280mg/dl

Question 20

kupfer cells
sinusoidla lining of cells
osteoclast
microglial cells

Answer 20

kupfer cells: macrophages of live
sinusoidla lining of cells: macrophages of spleen
osteoclast: macrophages of bone
microglial cells: macrophages of nervous system

Question 21

when resiculocytes are leased following hemmorrages

Answer 21

3 to 5 days after incident. so reticulocytes should be checked because bone maroow respond after 3 to 5 days

Question 22

function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 22

calcium storage
smooth endoplasm reticulum : produce lipids and steroids
rough ER: protein sysnthesis

Question 23

treatment of ruptured bladder in small ruminant because of urolith

Answer 23

tube cystotomy

Question 24

type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 24

contact hypersensivity
lymphocytic choriomeningitis
autoimmune thyroiditis
kerato conjunctivitis sicca

Question 25

congenital hypotrichosis | baldy calf disease

Answer 25

congenital hypotrichosis is autosomal recessive trait in Hereford, very short, curly, pale hair coat in which some hair fall normally Baldy calf disease : inherited problem of Holstein this calf lose hair , thick skin, and metabolic illness.

Question 26

``` glomerulus proximal tubule loop of Henle distal tubule collecting duct ```

Answer 26

Glomerulus: Filter fluid and soluble solute from blood proximal tubule: bulk reabsorption of filtered water, solutes (Na, Cl, HCO3) into blood. carbonic anhydrase act here Loop of Henle: Create and maintain the renal medullar hypertonicity gradient. furesomide act here Distal tubule : Help regulate pH, Na, Cl reabsoption and dilution of tubule fluid Collecting duct: Final regulation of water, urea, acid secretion

Question 27

type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 27

``` pemphigious foliacious pemphigious vulgaris myasthenia gravis immune mediated thrombocytopenia immune mediated hemolytic anemia ```

Question 28

sinus arrhythmia in cat, horse, and dog

Answer 28

in dog and horse it is normal , it is related to repsiration and increase vagal tone in cat: it is abnormal and it is related to underlying disease such as respiratory, GIT or nervous sytem

Question 29

radiography and ultrasound in pregnancy determination of cat and dog

Answer 29

in cat radiography can detect on 40 days and in dog it is 45 days . radiography can use to count litter size and ultrasonography can be used to check fetal viability and it is 99 %accurate after 28 days in pregnancy's diagnosis.

Question 30

``` management target for estrus detection calving interval first service conception rate average days open service per conception ```

Answer 30

``` 50 to 65% 13 month 40 % or greater 115 days less than 2.5 for pregnant cow, less than 3.5 for all cow serviced ```

Question 31

prevention of urolith in small ruminant

Answer 31

increase calcium intake increase sodium chloride (increase water intake and urine formation) addition of ammonium chloride (which increase the acidic environment in which stone formation is discouraged)

Question 32

most prevalant antibody i the blood?

Answer 32

igG

Question 33

patent ductus arteriosus in foal after birth

Answer 33

continuous murmur after birth in foal is normal finding because of PDA which closes after 4 to 5 days

Question 34

cheyne stroke breathing pattern

Answer 34

fast breathing, slow breathing and then breathing stops and then cycle start agai occur in the increased cranial pressure, ischemia, or brain damage

Question 35

funtion of sertoli cells

Answer 35

protect the sprm cell from attack of immune system . they are also called as nurse cells

Question 36

minor and major cross match determine what?

Answer 36

minor cross match determine the prescence of iso antibodies in donor plasma major cross match determine the presence of isoantibodie in recepient plasma

Question 37

thrombosis formation in dog is common in which diseases?

Answer 37

hyperadrenocoorticism | and heartworm disease

Question 38

parietal cells secrets? | chief cells secretes?

Answer 38

parietal cells secretes HCL | chief cells secretes pepsinogen and chymosin

Question 39

carbon monoxide and cyanide poisonings

Answer 39

cyanide poisoning prevent from releaing already bound oxygen and mucus membrane is bright cherry red carbon monoxide prevent oxygen from binding to cells and mucus membrane is bright red.

Question 40

which tissue secretes prolactin

Answer 40

adenohypophysis of pituatory gland

Question 41

standard postion of dog for ecg

Answer 41

right lateral recumbency with legs perpendicular to the body

Question 42

clincal signs of inflammatory airways disease

Answer 42

excercise intolerance, poor performance and cough

Question 43

third space fluid

Answer 43

3 Ps plural peritoneal pericardial

Question 44

percentage of normal motile spermatozoa in dog

Answer 44

80 %

Question 45

what are the ketones produced in negative energy balance of fatty acid metabolism

Answer 45

acetoacetate acetone betahydroxybutyrate

Question 46

aluten disease of ferret and mink

Answer 46

aluten disease is immunosuppressive disease caused by parvovirus

Question 47

the most common bacteria associated with bovine respiratory disease

Answer 47

pasturella multoceda and pasturella hemolytica | pasturella hemolytics is normal inhabitant of tonsiller crypt. stress cause to cause infection in lungs

Question 48

chediak higashi syndrome | pelger huet anomaly

Answer 48

chediak higashi syndrome congenital oatelet defect | pelger huet anomaly: thrombocytes and white cell defect

Question 49

cyclopia (one eyes on the head of lambs) in ewes is because of ?

Answer 49

ingestion of veratrum (skunk cabbage) on day 14 of gestation lead to development of cyclopia in lambs

Question 50

infectious enterhepatitis also called black head

Answer 50

caused by histomonas malegridis diarrhea and depression characteristic bull lesion on liver and cecal changes

Question 51

disease associated with retinal detachement in cat

Answer 51

hypertention due to hyperthyroidism and chronic renal disease. FIV, FeLV, FIP, Toxoplasmosis, trauma

Question 52

WHICH cells proliferate after brain damage

Answer 52

Astrocytes

Question 53

term for exaggerated pain response due to neuroanatomic changes

Answer 53

Wind up