PHYSIOLOGY

Question 1

foreign substance in our body

Answer 1

Antigens

Question 2

fight foreign substance (Antigens)

Answer 2

Antibody

Question 3

clump of antigen-antibody complex. forms when incompatible blood type is mixed with each other

Answer 3

Agglutination

Question 4

prevent blood loss, also known as blood clotting

Answer 4

Coagulation`

Question 5

Coagulation Cascade

Answer 5

First meron tayong endothelial cell sa blood vessel tapos pag nagkasugat tayo iallow nya na magintearact ang tissue factor and Factor VIIA then yun yung simula ng coagulation cascade

First:
1. Thromboxane - activate platelets and mag vasoconstrict yung blood vessels

2. Platelets will produce serotonin and adeno diphosphate which causes platelet aggregation
3. Glycoprotein IIIB/IIA will replace its receptors so that yung platelets will go with fibrin

Second part:
Factor VIIA -> XA -> V -> II (prothrombin) -> IIA (thrombin) -> I (Fibrinogen) -> IA (Fibrin)

=platelets stuck in fibrin
Plasminogen can tunaw the clot/fibrin

Question 6

protein that contains iron in the RBC that delivers oxygen and transports carbon dioxide from organ to lungs; contains four heme groups and can bind 4 oxygen atoms

Answer 6

Hemoglobin

Question 7

Affinity of oxygen is higher than carbon monoxide when it comes to hemoglobin

Answer 7

False - bc CO has more affinity to hemoglobin so kapag many ang CO natin we will be poisoned then you will die <33 and you won’t have enough oxygen

Question 8

Color of oxygenated blood

Answer 8

Bright Red

Question 9

Color of deoxygenated blood

Answer 9

Dull Red

Question 10

contains several atoms and can carry 1 oxygen molecule

Answer 10

Hemerythrin

Question 11

color of deoxygenated Hemerythrin

Answer 11

colorless

Question 12

color of oxygenated Hemerythrin

Answer 12

Purple

Question 13

contains 2 copper atom and can combine with 1 oxygen atom

Answer 13

Hemocyanin

Question 14

color of deoxygenated hemocyanin

Answer 14

Colorless

Question 15

color of oxygenated hemocyanin

Answer 15

Light Blue

Question 16

contains iron and can bind up to 4 oxygen molecule

Answer 16

Chlorocruorin

Question 17

color of deoxygenated and oxygenated chlorocruorin

Answer 17

Green

Question 18

process of bone formation by osteoblasts

Answer 18

Ossification or osteogenesis

Question 19

destroys bone

Answer 19

Osteoclasts

Question 20

builds bone

Answer 20

Osteoblasts

Question 21

mature bone cell

Answer 21

Osteocytes

Question 22

process in which calcium builds up in body tissue, causing the tissue to harden

Answer 22

Calcification

Question 23

process of bone development from fibrous membrane

Answer 23

Intramembranous Ossification

membrane then osteoblast secretes extracellular matrix then naghaharden yung bone

Question 24

process of bone development from hyaline cartilage

Answer 24

Endochondral Ossification

nag start from cartilage then may osteoblast tapos sa middle may nafoforrm na bone then nagcacalcify hanggang sa humaba yung bone then maubos na yung epiphyseal plate

Question 25

Biliary system

Answer 25

liver gall bladder hepatic and bile ducts

Question 26

where bile is stored and concentrated

Answer 26

Gallbladder

Question 27

produces bile

Answer 27

Liver

Question 28

Explain the biliary system

Answer 28

Bile is produced sa bile then it will go thru common hepatic duct then cystic duct then the bile will be stored sa gallbladder. If cholecystokinin is released then macoconstrict yung gallbladder masqueeze lahat ng bile then bile will go back thru cystic duct then common bile duct to the duodenum,,, in the duodenum bile will digest fat then it will be absorbed in the ileum then bile salts will go back to liver and will be reused

Question 29

Refers to the ability of your immune system to defend against infection and disease

Answer 29

Immunity

Question 30

Immunity from serum antibodies produced by plasma cells.

Answer 30

Humoral Immunity

Question 31

acquired through T cells from someone who is immune to the target disease or infection

Answer 31

Cell-mediated immunity

Question 32

the body fluids where these free floating serum antibodies bind to antigens and assist with elimination

Answer 32

Humoral

Question 33

refers to the fact that the response is carried out by cytotoxic cells

Answer 33

Cell-mediated

Question 34

matures in Bone marrow

Answer 34

B Cells

Question 35

synthesize and secretes antibodies that help phagocytes destroy pathogens

Answer 35

B cells

Question 36

mature in thymus gland

Answer 36

T cells

Question 37

pathogen specific; secretes protein that penetrates and puncture cell membrane of infected cell

Answer 37

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

Question 38

secretes signaling molecules that activates other immune response

Answer 38

Helper T cells (CD4)

Question 39

turns off the immune response once the pathogen has been defeated

Answer 39

Suppressor T cells