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Physiology Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

production of new blood vessels

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2
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Type of connective tissue that produces white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.

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3
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

mainly consists of adipose cells. Stores triglycerides and exists as an energy reserve

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4
Q

Functions of the skeletal system:

A
  1. support soft tissues such as organs
  2. provides attachment points for the tendons of most muscles
  3. protection; protects important organs
  4. stores energy in the form of adipose tissue (triglyceride)
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5
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells

A

stem cells that can develop into any kind of cell

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6
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft/body of the bone

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7
Q

Epiphysis

A

Distal and proximal end of the bone

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8
Q

Metaphysis

A

Middle part between the epiphysis and Diaphysis

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9
Q

Epiphyseal growth plate

A

A plate made up of hyaline cartilage is found in the metaphyseal region. This growth plate is the reason that long bones grow in length and we grow on height until we hit puberty. After puberty, it starts to get calcified and doesn’t grow anymore

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10
Q

What kind of cartilage is at the articulating end of the bone?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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11
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outer layer of the bone (where it’s not covered by hyaline cartilage.

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12
Q

Functions of the periosteum:

A
  1. Protects the bone
  2. Helps in fracture repair
  3. Nourishes the outer layer of bone tissue
  4. Attachment sight for tendons and ligaments
  5. Helps the bone to grow in width
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13
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow space in the diaphyseal region that contains lots of blood vessels and yellow bone marrow

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14
Q

Endosteum

A

A single layer of bone-forming cells that lines the medullary cavity

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15
Q

The functions of the endosteum:

A
  1. bone growth
  2. bone remodeling
  3. calcium homeostasis
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16
Q

what lines the medullary cavity?

A

Endosteium

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17
Q

what is in the medullary cavity?

A

blood vessels and yellow bone marrow

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18
Q

Where is a compact bone located?

A

Directly deep to the periosteum

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19
Q

majority of the diaphysis of long bones is made up of

A

Compact bone

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20
Q

Functions of Compact bones

A
  1. support
  2. protection (also protects the spongy bone that is located deep to it)
  3. resist the stress created by the weight and movement
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21
Q

spongy bone is always located

A

Deep to the compact bone

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22
Q

spongy bone is always located

A

Deep to the compact bone

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23
Q

the function of the spongy bone

A

it has hollow spaces that allow bone marrow to form

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24
Q

Characteristics of spongy bone:

A
  1. it has a honeycomb look
  2. it is very light, so reduced the weight of the bone
  3. it is less dense than compact bone
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25
Characteristics of the compact bone
Vey strong and dense
26
Osteons
Microscopic, circular units that makeup compact bones
27
Lamellae
Concentric, circular rings of ECM that make up Osteons in compact bones.
28
What does it mean to say the arrangement of osteons is "non-static"?
It means they can change the way they are arranged in a bone when the person changes the way stress moves through the bone. For example, when someone is weight training or walking, osteons will rearrange themselves, so they can resist the stress being forced through them
29
Central Canal
A hole at the center of osteons that contains, nerves, blood vessels, and arteries
30
Lacunae
Small spaces found between the lamellae that contains osteocytes
31
Canaliculi
Tiny tunnels that attach one lacuna to another. they are found throughout the matrix and are full of extracellular fluid.
32
Functions of the canaliculi
1. they are the way osteocytes and bone tissues get nutrients (they connect osteocytes to one another and to the central canal) 2. They allow communication between the neighboring osteocytes: Osteocytes extend a thin portion of their plasma membrane into the canaliculi and connect with one another through gap junctions
33
Transverse perforating canals
canals that penetrate compact bone and connect to the central canals
34
How does the external blood supply get into the compact bones?
External blood supply enters through the periosteum and into the compact bone through the transverse perforating canals.
35
Spongy bones are made up of microscopic units called
Trabeculae
36
Trabeculae are made up of
Columns of irregularly arranged lamellae
37
How are bone marrows arranged in spongy bones
In between the trabeculae, there are microscopic spaces filled with red and yellow bone marrow
38
Spongy bones do not need transverse perforating blood vessels because
Bone marrows contain lots of blood vessels that profuse the osteocytes
39
Site of hemopoiesis
Spongy bone tissue
40
Nutrient foramen
A hole in the compact bone from which nutrient artery passes through.
41
Nutrient Artery
provides oxygenated blood from the inner portion of the compact bone, as well as spongy bones, and goes as far as the epiphyseal plates
42
The bone cells are
1. osteoprogenitors 2. octeoblasts 3. osteocytes 4. osteoclasts
43
The bone ECM is composed of
% 15 water % 30 collagen fiebers % 55 mineral salts
44
Osteoprogenitors develop from
mesenchumal stem cells
45
Osteoprogenitors are found in
lining the deep surface of endosteum, periosteum and canaliculi
46
The only bone cells that divide
Osteoprogenitors
47
Osteoblasts secrete
collagen fibers and other compunds required to build the ECM
48
These cells initiate calcification
Osteoblasts
49
Bone builders
Osteoblasts
50
Main cells found in the bone tissue
Osteocytes
51
Osteocytes maintain ECM by
facilitating the exchange of nutrients and waists between the blood and the hone
52
These cells don't divide or get replaced
Osteocytes
53
The only way octeocytes would die is if
Their nutrient supply cuts off and there is no blood supply getting to the bone
54
osteoclasts are formed by
the maturation and fusion of 50 monocytes
55
Job of osteoclasts
they have strong lysosomal enzymes that gets released into the bone, digests calcium and other minerals, and liberate them to the blood stream (bone resorption)
56
Bone resoption
A process in which calcium and minerals of bones are digested and release into the blood stream by the lysosomal enzymes of osteoclasts.
57
Ruffled border
The deeply folded side of osteoclasts that faces the bone surface
58
Most abundant mineral salt in ECM
Calcium Phophate
59
How bones calcify
calcium phosphate combines with calcium hydroxide and forms hydroxyapatate. Hydroxyapatate crystalizes and combines with other minerals such as calcium carbonate and other minerals (Mg) and these crystalize salts deposit on the collagen fibers and calcify.
60
The process by which bones are formed
ossification or osteogenesis
61
Chemotactic
Chemical released from the area where the bone is going to develop in intramembranous bone formation
62
Bones can be formed in two ways:
1. intramembranous bone formation | 2. endochondral bone formation
63
The first step of intramembranous bone formation
Formation of an ossification center
64
How an ossification center is formed:
1. The site where the bone is going to be formed send chemical signals called chemotactic signals 2. The mesenchymal cells will follow the signals to the site 3. The stem cells will differentiate 4. At first they will become osteoprogenitors then osteo blasts 5. osteoblasts will secrete the bone ECM and start to form the bone
65
Where the bone is beginning to form is called
Ossification center
66
The second step of intramembranous bone formation
Calcification

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