Physiology

Question 1

Which cells in the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes?

Answer 1

Acinar cells

Question 2

Which cells in the pancrease secrete large volumes of sodium bicarbonate?

Answer 2

ductules

Question 3

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase all break down what substance in the gut?

Answer 3

Proteins

Question 4

Pancreatic amylase breaks down what substance in the gut?

Answer 4

Carbohydrates

Question 5

Lipase, esterase, and phospholipase all break down what substance in the gut?

Answer 5

Fats

Question 6

What is the product of pancreatic lipase on neutral fats?

Answer 6

FA + 2-MG

Question 7

What is the product of phospholipase on phospholipids?

Answer 7

FA’s

Question 8

This enzyme converts the zymogen trypsinogen to the active form, trypsin.

Answer 8

Enterokinase

Question 9

This molecule from the cytoplasm of glandular cells prevents the activation of pancreatic enzymes within the pancreas.

Answer 9

Trypsin inhibitor

Question 10

What happens to the trypsin inhibitor to cause pancreatic damage in acute pancreatitis?

Answer 10

It’s overwhelmed by pancreatic enzymes because the pancreatic duct is blocked.

Question 11

In order to form HCO3 to eb secreted from the pancreatic ductule cells, which gas must first enter the cell from the blood?

Answer 11

CO2

Question 12

CO2 combines with what substance to eventully form H+ and HCO3-?

Answer 12

H2O

Question 13

Where does the H+ go from the ductule cell once it’s synthesized?

Answer 13

back into the blood through an Na/H active antiporter

Question 14

How does HCO3 get into the lumen once Na diffuses into the ductule lumen?

Answer 14

Active transport (mainly by a Cl/HCO3 exhanger)

Question 15

The increase in this salt in the lumen causes the pull of what substance into the lumen as well?

Answer 15

H2O

Question 16

The CFTR channel allows the diffusion of what ion from the pancreatic ductule cell into the lumen for HCO3 secretion?

Answer 16

Cl-

Question 17

This condition is when the CFTR channel is missing/mutated so Cl- cannot be secreted, and the mucus becomes thick and clogs the lumen.

Answer 17

Cystic fibrosis

Question 18

Ach works on these Gq receptors to increase pancreatic enzyme secretion.

Answer 18

M3

Question 19

CCK and gastrin work on these receptors on acinar cells to increase pancreatic enzyme secretion.

Answer 19

B receptors

Question 20

Secretin acts on these cells to increase bicarbonate secretion via a Gs pathway.

Answer 20

ductal cells

Question 21

During the cephalic phase of digestion, Ach causes pancreatic enzyme secretion via what nerve?

Answer 21

X

Question 22

This substance is secreted by the liver, stored in the gall bladder,a nd ejected into the SI.

Answer 22

Bile

Question 23

After the hepatocytes make the bile acids, which tubes are they secreted into?

Answer 23

Bile canaliculi, which flows down to the terminal bile ductules.

Question 24

The excess presence of what molecule can lead to the formation of gallstones in the gallbladder?

Answer 24

cholesterol

Question 25

What kind of diet can lead to the formation of gallstones?

Answer 25

High fat

Question 26

To much absorbtion of what substance can also form gallstones?

Answer 26

Water (cholesterol will precipitate)

Question 27

The active transport of what ion out of the gallbladder wil concentrate the bile acids?

Answer 27

Na (cuz it drags other ions and water too)

Question 28

What are the 4 main components of bile secretions?

Answer 28

Bile saslts, bilirubin, cholesterol, and lecithin

Question 29

What % of bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum?

Answer 29

95%

Question 30

Will there be an increase or decrease secretion of bile from the liver with increased bile acids?

Answer 30

Increased

Question 31

Will there be an increase or decrease secretion of bile from the liver with CCK?

Answer 31

Increase

Question 32

Will there be an increase or decrease secretion of bile from the liver with secretin?

Answer 32

Increase (mainly HCO3 secretion)

Question 33

These liver cells make bile, metabolize organic compounds, store stuff, and carry out all the functions of the liver.

Answer 33

Hepatocytes

Question 34

These liver cells line the sinusoids and form a barrier between the portal venous system and the space of Disse (area where lymph flows).

Answer 34

Endothelial cells

Question 35

These liver calls are macrophages and are part of the reticular endothelial system, which eat foreign debris and bacteria.

Answer 35

Kupffer cells

Question 36

This condition is when a large clot blocks off the portal vein and causes an increase in liver capillary pressure of 15-20mmHg

Answer 36

Portal HTN

Question 37

This condition occurs when liver parynchymal cells are destroyed and the resultant fiberous tissue obstructs the bile ducts.

Answer 37

Cirrhosis

Question 38

What is the main cause of cirrhosis?

Answer 38

alcoholism

Question 39

This is the condition when intersitial fluid is formed out of the liver itself and into the abdominal cavity as a result of hepatic HTN

Answer 39

ascites | beer belly lol

Question 40

What is the life span for RBC's?

Answer 40

120 days

Question 41

So we've been over the entire lifecycle of the hemoglobin when it's broken down. Now give me everything from the hemoglobin itself --> excretion from the body.

Answer 41

Hemoglobin --> blood --> eaten by macrophages --> heme + globin --> heme split to free iron (taken up by transferrin) + biliverdin --> free bilirubin --> liver --> conjugated with glucorinic acid --> conjugated bilirubin --> bile --> intestines --> converted by bacteria to urobilinogen --> conversion to urobilin for urine excretion or conversion to stercobilin if in feces.

Question 42

This is the condition where there are large amounts of bilirubin in the extracellular fluids.

Answer 42

jaundice

Question 43

This type of jaundice is when there is an increased destruction of RBCs and the subsequent release of lots of Hb and resultant bilirubin.

Answer 43

Hemolytic jaundice

Question 44

This type of jaundice is when there is a blockage of the bile duct or liver cells so that bilirubin cannot be excreted out.

Answer 44

Obstructive jaundice

Question 45

What are the 2 main contirbutors to obstructive jaundice?

Answer 45

Gallstones or cancer

Question 46

True or False: there is excess urobilinogen in obstructive jaundice because of the blockage of the bile duct.

Answer 46

FALSE. there is NO urobilinogen because bilirubin cant get into the intestines to get converted.

Question 47

What is the color of the stools in obstructive jaundice?

Answer 47

Clay-colored

Question 48

What is the name of the test to see the levels of unconjugated or conjugated bilirubin in the blood?

Answer 48

Van Bergh test

Question 49

High levels of conjugated bilirubin on the Van Bergh test show which type of jaundice? Hemolytic or obstructive?

Answer 49

Obstructive, as conjugated bilirubin cannot out.