Physiology

Question 1

Health

Answer 1

Complete physical mental and social well-being with the absence of illness or disease

Question 2

Fitness

Answer 2

The ability to cope with the demands are f the environment

Question 3

Exercise

Answer 3

An activity that requires physical or mental exertion and is used to improve or maintain fitness levels

Question 4

Sedentary

Answer 4

Sitting down or being physically inactive for long periods of time

Question 5

Physical benefits of exercise

Answer 5

Continuous
Improves cardiovascular endurance
Reduces the risk of obesity and type two diabetes

PNF
Improves flexibility
Improves posture and body shape
Reduces risk of arthritis

Weight
Improves strength
Increases bone density
Reduces risk of osteoporosis

Question 6

Psychological benefits of exercise

Answer 6

Helps release endorphins which improves mood state and self confidence
Improves mental health as it increases focus and acts as a form of catharsis

Question 7

Why should a performer not eat within an hour of performance

Answer 7

The digestive system requires oxygen for the digestion of food
Pre capillary sphincters at the digestive system will vaso dilate increase if blood flow.
Less oxygen is delivered to the working muscles.
Performer cannot resynthisise ATP using aerobic respiration
Performer has to use anaerobic respiration to re synthesise ATP causing a build up in lactic acid which causes fatigue meaning the performer cannot work for long periods of time at high intensity

Question 8

Explain what happens to blood flow of the brain during exercise

Answer 8

During exercise blood flow to the brain stays the same , this is because the brain is always active. Therefore, the brain always requires oxygen

Question 9

Explain what happens to the blood flow to the heart during exercise

Answer 9

During exercise, blood flow to the heart increases
This is because the heart is working harder than normal
Therefore, the heart requires more oxygen for aerobic respiration

Question 10

Social benefits of exercise

Answer 10

Can make friends through sport
Less likely to need medical attention which reduces the strain on the nhs
More likely to use time wisely( join a club )
More likely to make better life choices( smoking)
Less likely to take time off work, increasing productivity and benefiting the economy

Question 11

Heart rate

Answer 11

The number of times your heart beats per minute

Question 12

Stroke volume

Answer 12

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat

Question 13

Cardiac output

Answer 13

The amount of blood pumped out the left ventricle per minute

Question 14

Cardiac output =

Answer 14

Stroke volume x heart rate

Question 15

Explain how training affects cardiac output and it’s components

Answer 15

The trained performer has cardiac hypertrophy (heart gets bigger and stronger)
They will have a higher stroke volume and a lower resting heart rate
Maximum cardiac output increases
They have ejection fraction where they pump a greater proportion of blood
And Brady cardia where their resting heart rate is below 60 bpm

Question 16

Explain how it is possible for a trained and untrained performer to have the same cardiac output at a given intensity

Answer 16

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
Trained performers have cardiac hypertrophy
They also have a higher stroke volume and lower heart rate
The untrained performer will have a lower stroke volume and a higher heart rate

Question 17

How would maximum cardiac input differ between Andy and Tom

Answer 17

Tom has a bigger heart than Andy due to cardiac hypertrophy
Tom will have a high stroke volume and a low heart rate
As they are the same age, they have the same maximum heart rate
Therefore, Toms cardiac output is higher than Andy’s

Question 18

Explain how a lower resting heart rate affects oxygen delivery to the muscles

Answer 18

The heart uses less oxygen for respiration
Therefore more oxygen goes to the working muscles
This means the performer can use aerobic respiration
The performer is also able to remove lactic acid

Question 19

Cardiac conduction system

Answer 19

The sino atrio node is the hearts pacemaker, it sends out electrical impulses.
This causes the atria to contract and forces the blood into the ventricles
The atrio ventricular node then sends out a second electrical impulse
This travels down the bundle of his which delays the impulse by 0.1s to allow the atria to empty the blood
The blood then travels down to the purkinjie fibres which causes the ventricles to contract which forces the blood out of the heart

Question 20

Diastolic phase

Answer 20

During atrial diastole the atria passively fills with blood

During ventricular diastole the ventricles passively fill with blood due to an increase of pressure in the atria

Question 21

Systolic phase

Answer 21

During atrial systole, blood is forced into the ventricles due to an increased pressure in the atria
During ventricular systole blood is forced out of the heart due to an increased pressure in the ventricles

Question 22

Venus return

Answer 22

The return of blood to the heart

Question 23

Muscle pump

Answer 23

As the muscles contract , the veins are squeezed forcing blood back to the heart

Question 24

Respiratory pump

Answer 24

As chest size increases, this squeezes the veins forcing blood back to the heart

Question 25

One way valve

Answer 25

Found in veins

Prevents back flow of blood

Question 26

starlings law

Answer 26

During exercise there is a greater Venus return
Therefore a greater amount of blood fills the heart
Therefore there is a greater stretch of heart walls
Therefore there is a greater force of contraction
Therefore there is a greater stroke volume
A greater amount of oxygen is able to reach the working muscles allowing the performer to respite aerobically for longer

Question 27

Describe the role of the different receptors and how the cause an increase in heart rate

Answer 27

Thermo receptors detect an increase in body temp, proprioceptors detect an increase in muscle contractions, chemoreceptors detect an increase in acidity, Bari receptors detect an increase in blood pressure

All receptors sends nerve impulses to the cardiac control centre in the medulla
The CCC sends an increase frequency of sympathetic impulses down the acceleratory nerve to SAN. This causes heart rate to increase

Question 28

Describe the role of the different receptors and how the cause a decrease in heart rate

Answer 28

(State all four receptors detect a decrease)
All receptors send impulses to the CCC
The CCC sends an increased frequency of parasympathetic impulses down the inhibitory nerve to the SAN.
This causes a decrease in heart rate

Question 29

Explain how neural control helps to regulate cardiac output

Answer 29

(State all 4 receptors detect a change)
Send nerve impulses to the CCC in the medulla
If the receptors detect an increase then the CCC sends an increased frequency of sympathetic impulses down the acceleratory nerve to the SAN causing an increase in heart rate and cardiac output
If there’s a decrease then the CCC sends an increased frequency of parasympathetic impulses to the inhibitory nerve then the SAN
this causes a decrease in heart rate and cardiac output

Question 30

Explain how carbon dioxide controls heart rate

Answer 30

(State all four receptors detect an increase)

All receptors send nerve impulses to the vaso motor control centre
During exercise , the vmcc will send an increased frequency of nerve impulses to the precapilary sphincters at the working muscles
This causes the blood vessels to vaso dilate causing an increased blood flow to the working muscles meaning they can aerobically respire
At the same time the vmcc sends a decreased frequency of nerve impulses to the precappilary sphincters at the digestive system
This causes blood vessels to vaso constrict reducing blood flow
This means more oxygen and blood are available for the working muscles

Question 31

Tidal volume

Answer 31

Amount of air you breathe in and out per breath 

Question 32

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 32

The maximum amount of air that can be breathed in

Question 33

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 33

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled

Question 34

Residual volume

Answer 34

The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation 

Question 35

Vital capacity

Answer 35

The amount of air exhaled after a maximum inhalation

Question 36

Total lung capacity

Answer 36

The maximum air in the lungs

IRV +EXR+ RV