Physiology

Question 1

Which type of vessel is elastic?

Answer 1

Aorta

Question 2

What vessels are muscular?

Answer 2

Other arteries (not aorta)

Question 3

Which vessels are the resistance vessels?

Answer 3

Arterioles

Question 4

Which vessels are exchange vessels?

Answer 4

Capillaries

Question 5

Which vessels are capacitance vessels?

Answer 5

Venules and veins

Question 6

What connects cardiac cells to each other?

Answer 6

Desmosomes, gap junctions

Question 7

Length of cardiac action potential

Answer 7

250ms

Question 8

What does P wave correspond to?

Answer 8

Atrial depolarisation

Question 9

What does QRS complex correspond to?

Answer 9

Ventricular depolarisation

Question 10

What does T wave correspond to?

Answer 10

Ventricular repolarisation

Question 11

What does PR interval correspond to?

Answer 11

Time from atrial depolarisation to ventricular depolarisation

Question 12

How long is PR interval?

Answer 12

0.12-0.2s

Question 13

How long is QRS complex?

Answer 13

0.08s

Question 14

What does QT interval correspond to?

Answer 14

Time when ventricles are depolarised (ventricular systole)

Question 15

How long is QT interval?

Answer 15

Around 0.42s

Question 16

Differences between STEMI and NSTEMI

Answer 16

STEMI= ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
NSTEMI=Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction

STEMI worse than NSTEMI

Question 17

What does heart sound 1 correspond to?

Answer 17

Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves

Question 18

What does heart sound 2 correspond to?

Answer 18

Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves

Question 19

What could cause systolic murmur?

Answer 19

Stenosis of aortic/pulmonary valves or regurgitation through mitral/tricuspid valves

Question 20

What could cause diastolic murmur?

Answer 20

Stenosis of mitral/tricuspid valves or regurgitation through aortic/pulmonary valves

Question 21

What could cause continuous murmur?

Answer 21

Septal defect (i.e. hole in the heart)

Question 22

Sympathetic innervation of heart affect on heart rate

Answer 22

Releases noradrenaline
Along with circulating both act on beta1 receptors on sinoatrial node
Increases heart rate

Question 23

Parasympathetic innervation of heart affect on heart rate

Answer 23

Vagus releases ACh
Acts on muscarinic receptors on sinoatrial node
Decreases heart rate

Question 24

What controls preload?

Answer 24

End diastolic volume

Question 25

What controls afterload?

Answer 25

Arterial pressure (therefore total peripheral resistance)

Question 26

Effect of sympathetic system on contraction

Answer 26

Stronger but shorter

Question 27

Effect of parasympathetic system on contraction

Answer 27

Little/no effect

Question 28

What regulates blood pressure in the short term?

Answer 28

Arterial baroreflex

Question 29

What nerve does aortic arch baroreceptor impulse travel via?

Answer 29

Vagus nerve

Question 30

What nerve does carotid sinus baroreceptor impulse travel via?

Answer 30

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 31

How do baroreceptors measure mean arterial pressure?

Answer 31

Detect stretch in artery walls, therefore indirectly MAP | Then affect SA node, ventricular muscle, venoconstriction, arteriolar constriction, etc. to alter pressure

Question 32

What organ helps regulate BP in long term?

Answer 32

Kidneys

Question 33

How do kidneys regulate BP?

Answer 33

Control plasma volume (via excretion, osmolarity etc.)

Question 34

How does renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system control BP?

Answer 34

Results in production of angiotensin II which: Increases sodium retention Increases water retention Increases total peripheral resistance

Question 35

3 hormone systems which control BP in long term

Answer 35

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Antidiuretic factor Atrial natriuretic peptide and Brain natriuretic peptide

Question 36

Difference between primary and secondary hypertension

Answer 36

``` Primary= cause unknown Secondary= cause known ```

Question 37

What percentage of hypertension is secondary?

Answer 37

5-10%

Question 38

5 drug classes used to combat hypertension

Answer 38

``` ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II antagonists Beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists Ca channel blockers Diuretics ```

Question 39

How do ANP and BNP systems function?

Answer 39

Increase excretion of sodium Inhibit release of renin Act on medullary cardiovascular centres to reduce MAP

Question 40

How does antidiuretic hormone increase MAP?

Answer 40

Increases water retention | Causes vasoconstriction

Question 41

Diastolic murmurs

Answer 41

Mitral stenosis Tricuspid stenosis Aortic regurgitation Pulmonary regurgitation

Question 42

Systolic murmurs

Answer 42

Aortic stenosis Pulmonary stenosis Mitral regurgitation Tricuspid regurgitation