Physiology

Question 0

What is ATP?

Answer 0

A general source of energy for all intracellular metabolic reactions

Question 1

What are arterioles?

Answer 1

Blood vessels that are smaller than the arteries and that branch from arteries with variable amounts of elastic and smooth tissue

Question 2

What is atrophy?

Answer 2

Reduction in size

Question 3

What is autoregulation?

Answer 3

The process by which tissue perfusion remains relatively constant despite blood pressure changes

Question 4

What are baroreceptors?

Answer 4

Receptors that are sensitive to pressure, and located in the aorta, internal carotid arteries and other large arteries in the neck and chest

Question 5

What are capillaries?

Answer 5

Small blood vessels that join arterioles and venules, and are present in almost every tissue in the body

Question 6

Define Cardiac Output (CO)

Answer 6

The volume of blood ejected by one ventricle into its respective artery each minute.

Calculated as the heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume

Question 7

What are chemoreceptors?

Answer 7

Sensory receptors that detect the presence of a specific chemical

Question 8

Define diffusion

Answer 8

The simple, passive movement of a substance down a concentration gradient

Question 9

What is endocardium?

Answer 9

Cardiac tissue that consists of three layers and is continuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood vessels attached to the heart

Question 10

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 10

Organelles that forms a network of membranes within the cell

Question 11

Define facilitated diffusion

Answer 11

A process, faster than simple diffusion, with the passage of substances down their concentration gradients requiring a transporter

Question 12

What is Golgi apparatus?

Answer 12

Membranous sacs that sort and modify proteins arriving from the granular endoplasmic reticulum, packing them into vesicles, before sending them to other organelles or secreting them

Question 13

What are Golgi tendon organs (GTO)?

Answer 13

Bundles of collagen fibres, encapsulated by a connective tissue layer present at the muscle-tendon junctions

Question 14

Define haemopoiesis

Answer 14

The formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow

Question 15

Define haemostasis

Answer 15

Control of bleeding

Question 16

Define heart rate (HR)

Answer 16

The number of ventricular contractions per minute

Question 17

Define homeostasis

Answer 17

The maintenance of a constant internal conditions, within narrow limits, despite external changes

Question 18

Define hyperplasia

Answer 18

An increase in tissue/organ size due to an increase in cell number

Question 19

Define hypertrophy

Answer 19

An increase in tissue/organ size due to an increase in cell size

Question 20

What are inotropes?

Answer 20

Substances that affect the force of cardiac contractility

Question 21

What are lysosomes?

Answer 21

Single-membraned oval organelle containing highly acidic digestive enzymes that break down bacteria, cell debris and dead organelles

Question 22

What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?

Answer 22

RNA that carries genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Question 23

What are mitochondria?

Answer 23

Double-membraned, elongated, ovoid structures that function to make energy available to cells in the form ATP

Question 24

What are motor units?

Answer 24

Each skeletal muscle fibre is innervated by a single motor neurone, which comprises a motor neurone and all the muscle fibres it innervates

Question 25

Define innervation

Answer 25

1. To supply an organ or body part with nerves. | 2. To stimulate a nerve, muscle or body part to action

Question 26

What are muscle spindles?

Answer 26

Organs that lie parallel to the skeletal muscle fibres, and measure the extent of muscle stretch

Question 27

What is myocardium?

Answer 27

Tissue that consists of cardiac muscle cells (myocytes), which are responsible to for cardiac contractability

Question 28

What are myofibrils?

Answer 28

Filamentous bundles on the individual muscle fibre that run along the entire length of the fibre

Question 29

Define myocytes

Answer 29

Muscle cells

Question 30

What is a nuclear membrane/envelope?

Answer 30

Two membrane surrounding the nucleus containing pores that regulate the entry and exit of molecules

Question 31

What are nucleoli?

Answer 31

Highly coiled structures not enveloped by a nuclear membrane and containing RNA and protein components

Question 32

What is the nucleus?

Answer 32

The control centre of almost all cells

Question 33

Define ossification

Answer 33

The conversion of fibrous tissue or cartilage into bone. Can either be intramembranous or endochondrial

Question 34

What is the pericardium?

Answer 34

The fibrous sac covering the whole heart

Question 35

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 35

Single-membraned, oval organelles that destroy the highly toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that is produced by certain cell reactions

Question 36

What are ribosomes?

Answer 36

Organelles composed of about 70 proteins and several RNA molecules There are two different subunits of different sizes, 30s and 50s, with the former being smaller

Question 37

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Answer 37

The length of RNA where the protein molecules are actually assembled

Question 38

What is a sarcomere?

Answer 38

A muscle fibre matrix where the myofibrils are suspended

Question 39

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 39

An endoplasmic reticulum equivalent in the muscle fibre. Runs longitudinally along the myofibrils and wrap around groups of myofibrils

Question 40

What is the sinoatrial node?

Answer 40

The part of the heart that causes the pacemaker potential

Question 41

What is stroke volume (SV)?

Answer 41

Volume of blood ejected in one ventricular contraction

Question 42

Define total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

Answer 42

Resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system

Question 43

Define transcription

Answer 43

mRNA transcription

Question 44

What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?

Answer 44

RNA that transfers amino acids to the ribosomes to manufacture proteins

Question 45

Define translation

Answer 45

The formation of proteins from the mRNA

Question 46

Define transmural pressure

Answer 46

The pressure across the wall of a vessel Can be affected by external and internal pressure

Question 47

What are venules?

Answer 47

Vessels that collect the blood from the capillaries and transport it to the veins