physiology

Question 1

function of frontal lobe

Answer 1

motor cortex // prefontal are: personability, inhibition, thought process // broca’s area: language production

Question 2

parietal lobe function

Answer 2

sensory, somatic area

Question 3

temporal lobe function

Answer 3

sound processing, memory, receptive speech // wenicke’s: language comprehension

Question 4

occipital lobe function

Answer 4

sight

Question 5

insular lobe function

Answer 5

not 100% sure - compassion, empathy, taste some motor

Question 6

brainstem function

Answer 6

autonomic: breathing, digestion, HR, BP, alerness

Question 7

cerbellum activity

Answer 7

control and coordination of voluntary movement

Question 8

what pathways are involved in PNS (3)

Answer 8

somatic (voluntary): sensory and motor nerves // sensory: only visceral afferents // autonomic: only visceral efferents eg para(sympathetics)

Question 9

components of a neurone

Answer 9

soma (body), axon (carries info), axon hillock + synapse

Question 10

what are the 4 types of glial cells

Answer 10

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal

Question 11

what do astrocutes do

Answer 11

maintain BBB

Question 12

what do oligodendrocytes/ schwann cells do

Answer 12

produce myelin (Schwann PNS)

Question 13

what do microglia do

Answer 13

immune cells

Question 14

what do ependymal cells do

Answer 14

line ventricles

Question 15

what is grey vs white matter

Answer 15

grey matter contains neurones, white matter is axons and communications

Question 16

where is the motor cortex

Answer 16

precentral (ant) gyrus

Question 17

where is the sensory cortex

Answer 17

postcentral (post) grys

Question 18

what arteries make up circle of willis

Answer 18

internal carotis (x2) // middle cerebral (x2) // ant cerebral (x2) // post cerebral (x2) // anterior communication (x1) // posterior communication (x2)

Question 19

what arteries come posteriorly to make circle of willis

Answer 19

vertebral (x2) –> basilar

Question 20

where does spinal cord terminate

Answer 20

L1/2 // continues as thin connective tissue called filum terminale

Question 21

function of roots –> spinal nerve –> rami

Answer 21

posterior (sensory) + anterior (motor) root –> spinal nerve –> posterior (anatomy) + (anterior) rami

Question 22

what anchors spinal cord to dura mater

Answer 22

denticulate ligaments (from pia and arachnoid mater)

Question 23

which horns are sensory vs motor

Answer 23

posterior horns are sensory, anterior (bigger) are motor

Question 24

main arterial supply to spinal cord

Answer 24

3 vertical arteries (1 ant, 2 post), segmental, radicular

Question 25

where does blood run in spinal cord

Answer 25

epidural space

Question 26

what does the ascending spinothalamic pathway do and where does it desiccate

Answer 26

pain, temp, rough touch, pressure (at level of spinal)

Question 27

what does the ascending dorsal column-medial lemniscus (DCML) pathway do and where does it desiccate

Answer 27

fine touch, priopro + vibration (at brainstem)

Question 28

what does the spinocerrebelar ascending pathway do

Answer 28

proprioception --> cerebellum to coordinate posture and lower limb movement

Question 29

what do the cortical descending pathways do (generally speaking

Answer 29

pyramidal - voluntary control

Question 30

what does the corticospinal descending pathway do and where does it desiccate

Answer 30

lateral - distal muscles (pyramid of medulla) // medial - axial muscles (at spinal cord)

Question 31

what does the corticobulbar descending pathway do

Answer 31

UMN of cranial nerves - face, head, neck

Question 32

what do they extrapyramidal tracts control

Answer 32

come from brainstem - involuntary movements eg posture + ref;exes

Question 33

tectospinal descending pathway function

Answer 33

reflexed head and neck

Question 34

reticulospinal descending pathway function

Answer 34

pontine - contracts lower limvs // medullary - opposes and relaxes lower limbs

Question 35

rubrospinal descending pathway function

Answer 35

excites flexors and inhibits extensors (reflexes)

Question 36

vestibulospinal descending pathway function

Answer 36

prevents sudden falls

Question 37

lobes of cerebellum

Answer 37

anterior, posterior, flocculonodular

Question 38

nuclei of cerebellum

Answer 38

fastigal, interposed, dentate!!

Question 39

what does pontocerebellum do

Answer 39

ipsilateral - skilled movement, planning, execution

Question 40

what does bilateral cerebellar dysfunction cause

Answer 40

wide gait, slurred speech eg alcohol exposure

Question 41

spinal cerebellum function

Answer 41

posture control

Question 42

what are afferent and efferent fibres of cerebellum

Answer 42

afferent --> granule cells // efferent --> purkinje cells

Question 43

functions basal ganglia

Answer 43

purposeful and fine vountary movement // inhibit unwanted movement // posture + tone

Question 44

function CNI

Answer 44

sensory smell

Question 45

function CNV

Answer 45

sensation face, corneal reflex, muscles of mastication, tensro tympani

Question 46

CNVII function

Answer 46

motor face, stapedius, tast ant 2/3 tongue

Question 47

which CN passes through parotid

Answer 47

CN VII

Question 48

CN IX function

Answer 48

post 1/3 tounge, afferent gag, parasym to parotid

Question 49

CN X function

Answer 49

wow!! epiglottis taste, visceral from pharynx --> abdo // parasymp // efferent gag

Question 50

where are the cavernous sinuses

Answer 50

paired on the body of the sphenoid bone

Question 51

what doed the cavernous sinus contain

Answer 51

ICA and abducens nerve (CN VI)

Question 52

where does cavernous sinus drain

Answer 52

internal jugular

Question 53

what cells produce CSF

Answer 53

ependymal cells

Question 54

circulation of CSF (6)

Answer 54

1. lat ventricles --> 3rd ventricles --> cerebral aqeuduct --> 4th ventricle --> subarachnoid --> arachnoid granulation

Question 55

dermatome C6

Answer 55

tip of thumb and index

Question 56

dermatome C7

Answer 56

middle finger + palm

Question 57

dermatome C8

Answer 57

ring and little

Question 58

dermatome level nipple

Answer 58

T4

Question 59

dermatome level xiphoid

Answer 59

T6

Question 60

dermatome level umbilicus

Answer 60

T10

Question 61

L5 dermatum

Answer 61

big toe and dorsum of foot // web space big and second toe

Question 62

S1 dermatome

Answer 62

small toe and side of foot

Question 63

genitalia dermatome

Answer 63

S2.3