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Neurology rotation > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system?

A

Glial cells and neurones

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2
Q

Where do the axons in neurones arise from?

A

The axon hillock in the soma

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3
Q

What do schwann cells form around axons?

A

Myelin sheath

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4
Q

What are the 4 different types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

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5
Q

What shape are astrocytes?

A

Star shaped

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6
Q

How do astrocytes provide metabolic support for neurones?

A

They store glycogen and lactate

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7
Q

How do astrocytes regulate ionic environment?

A

They remove excess potassium from extracellular space following polarisation

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8
Q

How do astrocytes help to modulate synaptic transmission?

A

They release ATP which increase adnosine production and inhibits synaptic transmission

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9
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

A

insulating the axons in the central nervous system. They carry out this function by producing a myelin sheath that wraps around a part of the axon.

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10
Q

What are oligodendrocytes equivalent to?

A

Schwann cells that are found in the peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

What is the difference in origin of the microglia as opposed to all other glial cells?

A

Microglia are of mesodermal origin whereas all other glial cells are of ectodermal origin,

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12
Q

What is the role of microglia?

A

They are the immune system of the brain

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13
Q

What is the main function of ependymal cells?

A

production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a part of the choroid plexus.

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14
Q

What do ependymal cells have on their surface that allows for circulation and absorption of CSF?

A

Cilia and microvilli

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15
Q

What condition is when oligodendrocytes degenerate idiopathically?

A

Multiple sclerosis

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16
Q

Where is CSF contained in the brain?

A

Subarachnoid space

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17
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus which covers two lateral ventricles, and the roof of the third and fourth ventricles

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18
Q

How much CSF is produced each day?

A

500 ml with around 150 ml being present in the body at any given time

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19
Q

What is the choroid plexus composed of?

A

fenestrated capillary loops, covered by a layer of specialised ependymal cells

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20
Q

What cells form the blood-CSF barrier?

A

Ependymal cells

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21
Q

Through what does spinal fluid travel through after leaving the subarachnoid space to enter the spinal cord?

A

two lateral foramina of Luschka and the medial foramen of Magendie.

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22
Q

Where does CSF get drained into?

A

superior sagittal venous sinus

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23
Q

What helps to drain the CSF?

A

Arachnoid villi

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24
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus?

A

caused by the imbalance in CSF production and absorption. There is either the failure of absorption or increased production of CSF

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25
What is non-communicating hydrocephalus?
caused by an obstruction of CSF outflow
26
How can neurotransmitters be classed by structure?
Mono amines, amino acids, peptides, other
27
Give some examples of mono amine neurotransmitters.
dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, histamine, serotonin
28
Give some examples of amino acid neurotransmitters.
glutamate, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), glycine, aspartate, D-serine
29
Give some examples of peptide neurotransmitters.
opioids, endorphins, somatostatin, oxytocin, vasopressin
30
What neurotransmitters are not mono amines, amino acids or peptides?
acetylcholine (ACh), adenosine, nitric oxide
31
What are the different function classes of neurotransmitters?
Excitatory, Inhibitory and neuromodulators
32
What is glutamate synthesised from?
Glutamine
33
Which neurotransmitter is the most abundant in the brain?
Glutamate
34
What is the function class of glutamate?
Excitatory
35
What are the 4 different receptors that glutamate binds to?
NMDA, AMPA, Kainate and metabotropic G-protein coupled receptors
36
What is the main function of glutamate?
thought to have an essential role in learning and memory, particularly in the process of long-term potentiation
37
What is acetylcholine formed from?
Choline and Acetyl-CoA
38
What function class is ACh?
Excitatory
39
What 2 receptors does ACh bind to?
Nicotinic ACh receptors and Muscarinic ACh receptors
40
Where are nicotinic receptors found?
at the NMJ, within the CNS and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. They are also found pre-synaptically in the brain and are thought to have a neuromodulatory effect
41
Where are muscarinic receptors found?
G protein coupled receptors found in the CNS and within post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons
42
What is GABA synthesised from?
Glutamate
43
What is the function class of GABA?
Inhibitory
44
What 2 receptors does GABA bind to?
GABA A and GABA B
45
What is the function class of glycine?
Inhibitory
46
What is the function of glycine?
important in many motor and sensory functions, such as reciprocal inhibition of antagonistic muscles in spinal reflexes. Glycine also has an excitatory role within the CNS as it is a co-agonist at glutamatergic NMDA receptors.
47
What receptors do benzodiazepines bind to?
GABA receptors
48
What are the two systems that the peripheral nervous system is classified into?
The somatic and autonomic nervous system
49
What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?
voluntary, conscious control of skeletal muscles
50
What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?
control the visceral functions of the body and acts largely unconsciously. These visceral functions include the regulation of heart rate, digestion, salivation, urination, digestion
51
What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
52
What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
Fight or flight
53
What neurotransmitters are used in the preganglionic pathway in the sympathetic nervous system?
ACh
54
What neurotransmitters are used in the postganglionic pathway in the sympathetic nervous system?
Noradrenaline
55
What are the exceptions to the neurotransmitters used in the postganglionic pathway in the sympathetic nervous system?
innervation of the sweat glands and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, which are cholinergic as they use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. They act as a modified sympathetic ganglion without the postganglionic neurones. Hence, the activation of chromaffin cells via preganglionic cells leads to the release of two neurotransmitters: adrenaline and to lesser extent noradrenaline, directly into the bloodstream
56
What is the PNS responsible for?
Rest and digest
57
What neurotransmitter is used in both the pre and postganglionic pathways in the PNS?
ACh
58
Are the preganglionic neurones long or short in the SNS?
Short
59
Are the preganglionic neurones long or short in the PNS?
Long
60
Are the postganglionic neurones long or short in the SNS?
Long
61
Are the postganglionic neurones long or short in the PNS?
Short
62
What is the spinal cord distribution of the SNS?
Thoracolumbar
63
What is the spinal cord distribution of the PNS?
Craniosacral
64
Where is the enteric nervous system embedded within?
The lining of the GI tract
65
What are the two plexus' of the enteric nervous system?
Auerbach's and Meissner's
66
What is the myenteric plexus also known as?
Auerbach's
67
What is the submucosal plexus also known as?
Meissner's
68
Where is Auerbach's plexus located?
Located between the circular and longitudinal layers of muscularis externa
69
What is the function of Auerbach's plexus?
Responsible for increasing the tone of gut Controls velocity and intensity of contractions
70
Where is Meissner's plexus located?
The submucosal layer
71
What is Meissner's plexus responsible for?
Responsible for secretions and absorption in the gut Controls local muscle movements as well
72
In neurones which ions have a higher concentration inside the cell?
K+
73
What are the gaps called between areas of myelin sheath?
Nodes of Ranvier

Neurology rotation (3 decks)

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