Physiology

Question 1

What is the optimal level for LDL Cholesterol?

Answer 1

Optimal = Below 2.59 mmol/L

Question 2

What is considered boarderline high for LDL Cholesterol?

Answer 2

With known disease (ex. diabetees): Less than 1.81 mmol/L

Question 3

What is considered high for LDL Cholesterol?

Answer 3

Above 4.15 mmol/L

Question 4

What is the optimal level for HDL cholesterol?

Answer 4

Above 1.5mmol

Question 5

What is the borderline poor level for HDL Cholesterol?

Answer 5

1-1.5mmol/L for men
1.3-1.5mmol/L for women

Question 6

What is the poor level of HDL cholesterol?

Answer 6

1mmol/L for men
1.3mmol/L for women

Question 7

What is the optimal level for total cholesterol?

Answer 7

below 5.18mmol/L

Question 8

What amount of mmol/L is considered borderline high for total cholesterol?

Answer 8

5.18-6.18mmol/L

Question 9

What is considered high levels of total cholesterol?

Answer 9

Above 6.18mmol/L

Question 10

What is the optimal level for fasting triglycerides?

Answer 10

Below 1.7mmol/L

Question 11

What is considered borderline high levels of fasting triglyceride?

Answer 11

1.7-2.2mmol/L

Question 12

What is considered high levels of fasting triglyceride?

Answer 12

2.3-5.6mmol/L

Question 13

What is a normal BP for healthy adults?

Answer 13

120/80mmHg

Question 14

What is considered pre-hypertension?

Answer 14

120-139/80-89

Question 15

What BP is considered hypertensive?

Answer 15

130/80

Question 16

What is the BP of someone with chronic kidney disease, diabetes or CAD?

Answer 16

less than 140/90mm Hg

Question 17

What is mean arterial pressure?

Answer 17

Average blood pressure of an individual

Question 18

What is arterial/vascular compliance?

Answer 18

Ability of a blood vessel wall to expand and contract passively with changes in pressure

Question 19

What is hypoglycemia?

Answer 19

Low blood sugar caused by too much insulin, too much exercise or not enough food

Question 20

What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia vs hyperglycemia?

Answer 20

hypo: sweating, weakness, anxiety, trembling, fast heartbeat, confusion, irritability, headache, fatigue

hyper: excess urination, increased thirst, dry skin, decreased appetite, nausea, fatigue low energy

Question 21

What is hyperglycemia?

Answer 21

High blood sugar is caused by lack of insulin, illness, infection, eating too much, stress, certain medications

Question 22

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 22

Low blood insulin levels attributable an inability or reduced ability of the pancrease to produce insulin

prone to hypoglycemia during and immediately after exercise bc liver fails to release glucose at a rate that can keep up with glucose utilization

Question 23

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 23

Lack of target cells response to insulin (insulin resistance), glucose cannot enter cell.

Question 24

How does muscle contraction help with type 2 diabetes?

Answer 24

Muscle contraction has insulin-like effects. Membrane permeability to glucose increases with muscular contraction.
Acute bouts of exercise decrease insulin resistance insulin sensitivity; reduce cells requirements for insulin

Question 25

What is the approach to treatment with diabetes?

Answer 25

Aerobic (150min/week) + resistance (2 sessions/week) is recommended, interval training can be recommended for those willing and able to inc CVF (T2) and red the risk of hypoglycemia (T1).

Question 26

How to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia during and after exercise in people with T1D

Answer 26

1. reduce the bolus dose of insulin that is most active at the time of exercise 2. Significantly reduce or suspend (only if the activity is 45min) basal insulin for the exercise duration and lower the basal rate overnight of ex by 20% 3. Inc carb consumption prior to, during and after exercise as necessary 4. Perform 10s max intensity spirits at the start of exercise, periodically during activity, or at the end of exercise 5. Perform resistance exercise before aerobic exercise 6. Smaller amounts of activity still provide some health benefit

Question 27

What is the recommended exercise intervention for those with Diabetes?

Answer 27

FITT - Most days; aerobic, mod (64%-76% Max HR) to vig (76%+ maxHR) 150 min/ week - 2 or 3 times/week; resistance mod (15 reps max) to vig (6-8 reps max), - 2 or 3 times/week; balance + flexibility, low to mod, 10-30s,2-4 reps each, no time limit

Question 28

What are some tips and considerations for the treatment of those with diabetes?

Answer 28

Set specific exercise goals, problem-solving potential barriers, provide info on where/when to exercise and self-monitor

Question 29

What BMI is considered underweight?

Answer 29

below 18.5

Question 30

What BMI is considered normal/healthy?

Answer 30

18.5/24.9

Question 31

What BMI is considered overweight?

Answer 31

25-29.9

Question 32

What BMI is considered obese?

Answer 32

30+

Question 33

What is the principle of individuality?

Answer 33

heredity plays a major role in determining the body's response to a single bout of exercise, as well as chronic changes from exercise program

Question 34

What is the principle of specificity?

Answer 34

training adaptations are highly specific to the type of activity being performed and to the volume and intensity of the exercise - exercise adaptations are specific to the mode, intensity and duration of training

Question 35

What is the principle of reversibility?

Answer 35

if training decreases or stops, any gains achieved will be reversed

Question 36

What is the principle of progressive overload?

Answer 36

Systematically increasing the demands on the body is necessary for continued improvement

Question 37

What is the principle of variation?

Answer 37

changing one or more variables in the training program (mode, volume, intensity) overtime to allow for the training stimulus to remain challenging and effective

Question 38

What is sarcopenia?

Answer 38

Substantial loss of fat-free mass that accompanies aging

Question 39

What is the lactate threshold (adaptations to training)?

Answer 39

The higher the threshold, the better the performance capacity In trained states, one can exercise at a higher percentage of one's VO2max before lactate begins to accumulate in the blood

Question 40

What is the respiratory exchange ratio (adaptation to training)

Answer 40

the ratio of carbon dioxide released to oxygen consumed during metabolism LOW RER = reflects n increased reliance on fats HIGH RER = reflects an increased reliance on carbohydrates