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Physiology Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

State the 4 processes of pain physiology

A

Transduction, transmission, modulation and perception

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2
Q

Define transduction (pain physiology)

A

Translation of noxious stimulant into electrical activity at the peripheral nociceptors

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3
Q

Define transmission (pain physiology)

A

Propagation of pain signal as nerve impulses through the nervous system

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4
Q

Define modulation (pain physiology)

A

Pain transmission is altered by stimuli

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5
Q

Define perception (pain physiology)

A

The conscious experience of pain

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6
Q

State the 2 components of the anterolateral system

A
  • spinothalamic tract
  • spinoreticular tract
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7
Q

Role of the spinothalamic tract

A

Involved in pain perception

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8
Q

Role of the spinoreticular tract

A

Involved in autonomic responses to pain

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9
Q

What are nociceptors

A

Specialised nerve endings that detect and transmit signals associated with noxious stimuli

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10
Q

What order are nociceptors

A

First order

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11
Q

Describe the pathway of sensory information

A

Free nerve ending in the peripheral tissue
Second order neurones ascend the spinal chord in the anterolateral system and terminate in the thalamus
Third order neurones relay information from the thalamus to the primary sensory cortex

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12
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of fibres associated with nociception

A

A delta fibres
C fibres

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13
Q

What is the main difference between a delta fibres and C fibres

A

C fibres are unmyelinated

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14
Q

Role of A delta fibres

A

Mediate first, or fast pain

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15
Q

Role of C fibres

A

Mediate second, or slow pain

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16
Q

What does pain associated with a delta fibres feel like

A

Stabbing, pricking sensations

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17
Q

What does pain associated with C fibres feel like

A

Burning, throbbing, cramping, aching

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18
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

Normal response to injury of tissues by noxious stimuli

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19
Q

Inflammatory pain

A

Caused by activation of the immune system by tissue injury or infection

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20
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Pain caused by damage to neural tissue

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21
Q

Dysfunctional pain

A

Pain when there is no identifiable damage or inflammation

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22
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Hypersensitivity to pain

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23
Q

Allodynia

A

Pain caused by a stimulus that does not normally cause pain

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24
Q

What is referred pain

A

Pain developed in one part of the body felt in another structure away from the place of its development

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25
Referred pain for the appendix is usually located where ?
Umbilicus
26
Referred pain for the stomach/pancreas is usually located where ?
Upper abdomen
27
Referred pain for the heart is usually located where ?
Left arm Jaw
28
Referred pain for the lungs/diaphragm is usually located where ?
Left shoulder
29
Referred pain for the liver is usually located where ?
Right side of the neck
30
Referred pain for the gall bladder is usually located where ?
Right shoulder
31
What kind of pain can be felt as referred
Deep somatic Visceral
32
How does referred pain occur
Convergence of Nociceptive visceral and skin afferents upon the same spinothalamic neurones at the same spinal level
33
name some functions of skeletal muscle
posture purposeful movement respiratory movement heat production
34
how are skeletal muscle fibres organised
into motor units
35
what is a motor unit
a single alpha motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates
36
what kind of muscles have more motor fibres
those where power is needed over precision
37
describe the structure of skeletal muscle fibres
parallel muscle fibres bundled by connective tissue
38
how to skeletal muscles attach to bone
by tendons
39
what are myofibrils
specialised contractile intracellular structures
40
describe myofibrils
alternating segments of actin and myosin arranged into sarcomeres
41
which out of actin and myosin is thicker
myosin
42
what defines each sarcomere
found between 2 Z lines
43
role of Z lines
connect 2 adjoining sarcomeres
44
what is the sliding filament theory
muscle tension is produced by sliding of actin filaments on myosin filaments
45
what is required for contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle
ATP
46
what is Ca2+ required for in skeletal muscle
switch on cross bridge formation
47
where is Ca2+ released from
sarcoplasmic reticulum
48
what are the 2 factors that determine skeletal muscle tension
number of muscle fibres contracting tension developed by each contracting muscle fibre
49
how can a motor unit prevent muscle fatigue
asynchronous motor unit recruitment
50
what is a twitch
skeletal muscle is stimulated by a single muscle contraction
51
what is twitch summation
a second stimulation before the muscle has time to relax
52
when can maximum tetanic contraction be achieved
when the muscle is at its optimal length before the onset of contraction
53
which type of muscle cannot be tetanised
cardiac muscle
54
what is the approximate optimal length of a muscle
the resting length
55
what is an isotonic contraction
muscle tension remains constant as the muscle length changes
56
what are isotonic contractions useful for
body movements and moving objects
57
what are isometric contractions
muscle tension develops at a constant muscle length
58
what are isometric contractions useful for
supporting objects in fixed positions and maintaining body posture
59
what makes a muscle fibre more resistant to fatigue
greater capacity to synthesis ATP
60
what determines the speed of contraction
the activity of myosin ATPase
61
what are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibres
slow oxidative fast oxidative fast glycolytic
62
what is another name for slow oxidative fibres
slow-twitch fibres
63
what are slow-twitch fibres used for
maintainance of posture, walking
64
what is another name for fast oxidative fibres
intermediate-twitch fibres
65
what are intermediate twitch fibres used for
jogging
66
what is another name for fast glycolytic fibres
fast-twitch fibres
67
what are fast-twitch fibres used for
jumping
68
what is a reflex
stereotyped response to a specific stimulus
69
what is the simplest monosynaptic spinal reflex
the stretch reflex
70
what is the role of the stretch reflex
helps to maintain posture
71
spinal segment tested by the knee jerk
L3-L4
72
spinal segment tested by the ankle jerk
S1-2
73
spinal segment tested by the biceps jerk and brachioradialis
C5-6
74
spinal segment tested by the triceps jerk
C6-7
75
peripheral nerve tested by the knee jerk
femoral nerve
76
peripheral nerve tested by the ankle jerk
tibial nerve
77
peripheral nerve tested by the biceps jerk
musculocutaneous
78
peripheral nerve tested by the brachioradialis and triceps jerk
radial nerve
79
what are muscle spindles
a collection of specialised muscle fibres which act as sensory receptors for the stretch reflex
80
what are muscle spindles also known as
intrafusal fibres
81
what are the 3 types of joints
synovial fibrous cartilaginous
82
what is another name for a synovial joint
diathrosis
83
what is another name for a fibrous joint
synarthrosis
84
do fibrous bones allow movement
no
85
what is another name for a cartilagenous joint
anphiarthrosis
86
give an example of a cartilaginous joint
IV discs
87
what separates bones in a synovial joint
capsule containing synovial fluid
88
what is a synovial membrane
vascular connective tissue
89
what cells are in the synovial membrane
fibroblasts
90
role of fibroblasts in the synovial membrane
produce synovial fluid
91
what causes synovial fluid to have a high viscosity
hyaluronic acid (mucin)
92
what does normal synovial fluid look like
clear and colourless
93
what may cause synovial fluid to turn red
traumatic synovial tap haemorrhagic arthritis
94
what type of cartilage is articular cartilage usually
hyaline
95
what are the 3 main components of the extra-cellular matrix
water collagen proteoglycans
96
role of proteoglycans in the ECM
compressive properties associated with weight bearing
97
what controls the ECM
chondrocytes
98
what are directly responsible for the generation of force by skeletal musclel
alpha motor neurones
99
what makes up a motor unit
alpha motor neurone + muscle
100
where do alpha motor neurones communicate with a muscle fibre
at the neuromuscular junction
101
what is synaptic transmission
how cells communicate with each other across the synaptic cleft
102
how do open channels conduct electricity
via gap junction
103
how is information exchanged in a chemical synapse
via neurotransmitters
104
what are cholinoceptors
receptors on which ACh act
105
what are the 2 types of cholinoceptors
nicotinic and muscarinic
106
which type of cholinoceptors are found at the NMJ
nicotinic
107
what is the quantal content of a synapse
the number of vesicles released per stimuli
108
what is a quanta
the amount of ACh each synaptic vesicle releases
109
what characterises myasthenia gravis
progressively increasing muscle weakness during periods of activity
110
management of myasthenia gravis
anticholinesterases and immunosuppressant agents
111
what effect does PTH have on plasma calcium
increases it
112
what is primary bone healing
the bone bridges the gap with new bone from osteoblasts
113
give an example of primary bone healing
hairline fractures fractures fixed with compression screws and plates
114
secondary bone healing
recruitment of pluripotent stem cells which differentiate during the healing process
115
what causes hypertrophic non-union of fractures
excessive movement at the fracture site

musculoskeletal (30 decks)

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