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Cardiology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The apex of the heart lies just above the _______ left of the __________.
The base of the hear lies at approx the level of the _______ rib

A

diaphragm, midline

second rib

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart? Describe each layer.

A

Endocardium- Innermost, lines hearts chambers

Myocardium - Thick middle layer, cells conduct electricity of the heart

Pericarium - Protective sac surrounding heart, has 2 layers (visceral pericardium - in contact with heart muscle and the parietal pericardium - outer fibrous later)

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3
Q

Name the 2 superior chambers of the heart and their function

A

Atria - receive incoming blood

They are separated by the interatrial septum

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4
Q

Name the 2 inferior chambers of the heart and their function

A

Ventricles - pump blood to the body

Separated by the interventricular septum

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5
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid - right heart

mitral (bicuspid) - left heart

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6
Q

Semilunar valves

A

left semilunar valve - also known as the aortic valve, connects the L ventricle to the aorta

right semilunar valve - also known as the pulmonic valve, connects the R ventricle to the pulmonary artery

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7
Q

What is the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary

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8
Q

What are the only veins to carry oxygenated blood in the body?

A

Pulmonary

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9
Q

The heart receives its blood supply from which arteries?

A

Coronary

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10
Q

The left coronary artery supplies what?

Two major branches?

A

Left ventricle, interventricular septum, part of the right ventricle, and the hearts conducting system.

Two branches: anterior descending artery and circumflex artery

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11
Q

The right coronary artery supplies what?

Two major branches?

A

A portion of the right atrium and right ventricle, and part of the conduction system.

Two branches: posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

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12
Q

Blood drains from the left coronary system via what veins

A

Anterior great cardiac vein and the lateral marginal sinus. These empty into the coronary sinus.

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13
Q

Blood drains from the right coronary vein directly into the ____________ via smaller cardiac veins

A

right atrium

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14
Q

Diastole: what phase is it, what happens during

A

1st phase, relaxation phase
Ventricular filling happens
Blood enters ventricles through the mitral and tricuspid valves. Pulmonic and aortic valves are closed.

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15
Q

Systole: what phase is it, what happens during

A

2nd phase, heart contracts.
Atria (quickly) first to finish emptying into ventricles. Atrial kick boots cardiac output.
Ventricles second, pour blood into the pulmonic and aortic arteries

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16
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

A

Fraction of blood ejected from the ventricle at the end of systole. Normal EJ is about 2/3 of the blood in the ventricle.

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17
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood ejected.

Varies between 60-100 mL (70 average)

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18
Q

Starling’s law

A

The more the myocardial muscle is stretched, the greater its force of contraction (Like a rubber band)
More blood = more force
More venous return = more force

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19
Q

What is afterload? What affects it?

A

Resistance against which the ventricles must contract.

As increase in peripheral vascular resistance will decrease stroke volume and conversely

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20
Q

Cardiac output formula

A

Stroke volume (mL) X heart rate (bpm) = cardiac output (mL/min)

70 mL X 70bpm = 4900 mL/min
approx 5L/min

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21
Q

The sympathetic nervous system innervates the heart through the ____ ____, a network of nerves at the base of the heart.

A

Cardiac plexus

22
Q

The chemical neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system is ________? What does it do?

A

Norepinephrine - Increases heart rate and cardiac contractile force, primarily through its actions on beta receptors

23
Q

The sympathetic nervous system has two principle types of receptors

A

beta and alpha

24
Q

Alpha receptors are located in the ___________ and are responsible for __________

A

peripheral blood vessels

vasoconstriction

25
Q

Beta 1 receptors are located in the __________ and are responsible for _________.

A

Heart

Increasing the heart rate and contractility

26
Q

Beta 2 receptors are located in the ________ and are responsible for _________.

A

Lungs and peripheral blood vessels

Bronchodilation and peripheral vasodilation

27
Q

What do beta blockers do?

A

slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure by blocking the beta 1 receptors

28
Q

Parasympathetic control of the heart occurs through the ________

A

vagus nerve

29
Q

The neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system is ________ and what does it do?

A

acetylcholine - it slows the heart and atrioventricular contraction

30
Q

What does chronotropy refer to?

Positive versus negative?

A

Heart rate
Positive chronotropic agent will increase HR
Negative chronotropic agent will decrease HR

31
Q

What does inotropy refer to?

Positive versus negative?

A

Strength of cardiac muscle contraction
Positive inotropic agent will strengthen
Negative inotropic agent will weaken

32
Q

What does dromotropy refer to?

Positive versus negative

A

Rate of nervous impulse condition
Positive dromotropic agent speeds conduction
Negative dropmotropic agent slows conduction

33
Q

The heart is also an endocrine organ. It secretes 2 hormones (natriuretic peptides).

A

ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide -
it is manufactured, released and stored by atrial muscle cells in response to atrial distention and sympathetic stimulation. Primarily counters the RAAS and causes a reduction in blood volume, resulting in lower CVP, CO, and BP

BNP - brain natriuretic peptide -
secreted by ventricles in response to excessive stretching. it also counters the RAAS in the same way as ANP. (*Half life of BNP is twice as long as ANP)

BNP *** CHF

34
Q

Increased levels of ANP are a marker for what?

A

A-Fib

35
Q

Increased levels of BNP are a marker for what?

A

CHF

36
Q

RAAS does what?

A

Regulates BP

37
Q

Intercalated disks located in cardiac muscle fibers do what?

A

conduct electrical activity quickly throughout heart

38
Q

Impulses are conducted from the atria to the ventricles through the ____ _____.

A

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

39
Q

Depolarization is the contraction or relaxation of the heart?

A

Contraction

40
Q

What connects the SA node to the AV node

A

internodal atrial pathways

these pathways conduct the depolarization impulse to the atrial muscle mass and through the atria to the AV junction

41
Q

The bundle of His divides into what?

A

Right and Left bundle branches

42
Q

AV junction is the “gatekeeper”. How does it affect electrical activity?

A

it slows the impulse and allows the ventricles to fill

43
Q

Average SA node bpm

A

60-100 bpm

44
Q

Average AV node bpm

A

40-60 bpm

45
Q

Average Purkinje System bpm

A

15-40 bpm

46
Q

1 small box on the ECG paper is equal to how long?

A

0.04 seconds

47
Q

1 large box on the ECG paper is equal to how long?

A

0.20 seconds

48
Q

The P wave shows what

A

atrial depolarization

49
Q

the QRS complex shows what

A

ventricular depolarization

50
Q

the T wave shows what

A

repolarization of ventricles

51
Q

the U wave shows what

A

possible electrolyte imbalance

or could be normal for that person

Cardiology (4 decks)

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