Physiology

Question 1

Root of sympathetic outflow
Root of parasympathetic outflow

Answer 1

T1-L2
Cranial - 3/7/9/10 and sacral S2-S4

Question 2

Separation of cranial outflow

Answer 2

Superior
Middle
Inferior - combined as part of sympathetic stellate ganglion

Question 3

Separation of sympathetic outflow

Answer 3

1) Paravertebral sympathetic chain
2) Splanchnic vessels to coeliac ganglion and superior mesenteric
3) To chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla

Question 4

Which 3 neurons in the ANS are ACh released from

Answer 4

1) Pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic neurons
2) All pre ganglionic sympathetic neurons
3) Post ganglionic sympathetic neurons to sweat glands

Question 5

Where neurons/ tissues are adrenergic

Answer 5

1) Post ganglionic sympathetic neurons (apart from sweat glands)
2) A/NA/D secreted from adrenal medulla

Question 6

Where are muscarinic AChr sited

Answer 6

Effector organs of parasympathetic neurons

Question 7

Which fibres are B?
Which fibres are C?

Answer 7

Pre ganglionic sympathetic neurons
Post ganglionic neurons

Question 8

Which subclass of GPCR are
A1
A2
B1
B2
B3

Answer 8

A1 = Gq
A2 = Gi
B1 = Gs
B2 = Gs
B3 = Gs

Question 9

Effect of A1 (Gq) adrenorececptors

Answer 9

Stimulates phospholipase C to make IP3 and DAG
Increases intracellular calcium

Question 10

Clinical effect of A1 stimulation

Answer 10

Vasoconstriction
Bronchoconstriction
Contracts uterus
Increased glucose

Question 11

Effect of A2 (Gi) adrenoreceptors

Answer 11

Inhibits adenyl cyclase

Question 12

Clinical effect of A2 (Gi) adrenoreceptors

Answer 12

Vasodilation
Sedation
Platelet aggregation

Question 13

Effect of B1/ B2/ B3 (Gs) adrenorecptors

Answer 13

Stimulates adenyl cyclase to increase cAMP

Question 14

Clinical effect of B1 stimulation

Answer 14

Increased HR
Increased contractility
Gluconeogenesis
Renin release

Question 15

Clinical effect of B3 stimulation

Answer 15

Lipolysis

Question 15

Clinical effect of B2 stimulation

Answer 15

Vasodilation
Bronchodilation
Uterus relaxation

Question 16

Effect of increased calcium at nerve terminal

Answer 16

Stimulates NA release from vesicles

Question 17

Alpha 1 antagonist example
Alpha 2 agonist example

Answer 17

Doxazosin
Clonidine

Question 18

B1 antagonists examples

Answer 18

Metoprolol
Atenolol

Question 19

M1 receptor GPCR class, location and effect

Answer 19

Gq
Glandular and gastric secretion

Question 20

M2 receptor GPCR class, location and effect

Answer 20

Gi
Heart
Decreased HR
Decrease iontropy

Question 21

M3 receptor GPCR class location and effect

Answer 21

Gq
Vascular and respiratory sm
Coronary vasodilation
Bronchoconstriction

Question 22

M4 GPCR class, location and effect

Answer 22

Gi
CNS
K/ Ca

Question 23

M5 GPCR class and location

Answer 23

Gq
CNS

Question 24

Endogenous catecholamine Mx

Answer 24

Phenylalanine --> tyrosine --> L dopa --> noradrenaline --> adrenaline

Question 25

Which enzyme converts L dopa to dopamine

Answer 25

Dopamine decarboxylase

Question 26

Which enzyme converts NA to A

Answer 26

PNMT

Question 27

Which is the rate limiting step in catecholamine pathway

Answer 27

Tyrosine to Ldopa

Question 28

What does COMT metabolise What is the next step

Answer 28

Adrenaline to metanephrine Noradrenaline to normetanephrine Both are O methyalated and secreted in urine

Question 29

What does MAO Mx

Answer 29

MAO-A to DOMA MAO-B to DHPG

Question 30

BP =

Answer 30

CO x SVR

Question 31

CO =

Answer 31

HR x SV

Question 32

Which drugs effect alpha (squeezers) (SVR)

Answer 32

Metaraminol/ Phenylephrine Noradrenaline Vasopressin

Question 33

Which drugs effect beta (pushers) (HR/ contractility)

Answer 33

Adrenaline Dobutamine

Question 34

Pd metaraminol

Answer 34

Resp - increase RR, increase TV CVS - Increase BP decrease HR Renal - decrease blood flow GU - contracts uterus

Question 35

Effect of VP1 stimulation

Answer 35

Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation

Question 36

Location and effect of VP2 receptors

Answer 36

Collecting duct of renal tubule - H20 reabsorption

Question 37

Describe phases of cardiac action potential

Answer 37

0 - Na influx, resting membrane -85mV, AP at -60mV to +20mV 1 - K efflux 2 - Ca influx through L type channels 3 - K efflux 4 - Na/K/ATPase 3 Na move out and 2 K move in to restore potential