Physiology

Question 1

Breast physiological changes in pregnancy

Answer 1

By 8 weeks the nipple and surrounding area have become more pigmented and
by 20 weeks a secondary mottled pigmentation, the secondary areola becomes
visible.
By 12 weeks the glands begin to secrete and towards the end of pregnancy this
secretion is copious and yellow in colour. It is known as colostrum and consists
of water, fat, albumin, electrolytes and cells illed with fat droplets called
colostrum corpuscles.

The sebaceous glands on the areola are highly active in pregnancy and can be
seen as a ring of about 12 to 20 small tubercles called Montgomery’s tubercles.

Question 2

Functions of oestrogen in pregnancy (6)

Answer 2

1. Enhances protein synthesis and RNA of all cells
2. Growth of uterus
3. Development of alveoli in breast
4. Softening f cervix through alteration in polymerisation of connective tissue
5. Sodium and water retention
6. Growth and dilatation of blood vessels in genital tract

Question 3

Oestrogens found in pregnancy

Answer 3

Over 25 oestrogens in urine. Important are :
oestriol, oestradiol and oestrone. Their respective ratios are:
Non-pregnant: 3: 2: 1
Late pregnancy: 30: 2: 1

Question 4

Functions of progesterone in pregnancy

Answer 4

Reduction in myometrial contractility (most important)
Relaxation of smooth muscle resulting in vasodilatation
Thermogenic
Increased fat deposition