Physiology

Question 1

In males is fertility cyclical or continuous?

Answer 1

Continuous

Question 2

In females state two factors that can indicate the start of the fertile period.

Answer 2

Increase in body temperature by about 0.2 - 0.5 degrees C.
Cervical mucus becomes thin and watery.

Question 3

State what the abbreviation IVF stands for an wrote a short paragraph to describe the process.

Answer 3

In Vitro Fertilisation.
Hormones are used to stimulate the production of multiple eggs by the ovary. Eggs are surgically removed from ovaries. Eggs are mixed with sperm in a culture dish and after fertilisation the zygote is incubated and allowed to divide forming an embryo. One or two embryos are then transferred to the uterus for implantation

Question 4

Name the procedure, that can be used during IVF, that involves the injection of sperm directly into the egg.

Answer 4

Intra Cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Question 5

Briefly describe artificial insemination and why it may be used.

Answer 5

Semen is introduced to the female reproductive tract by means other than sexual intercourse. Particularly useful when the male has a low sperm count as several semen samples can be collected. If a male partner is sterile, a donor may be used to provide semen.

Question 6

State whether the following are physical or chemical methods of contraception, and state the way in which they prevent conception

a.) condoms
b.) morning after pill

Answer 6

a.) physical. Act as a barrier to prevent the sperm reaching the egg

b.) chemical. Can prevent ovulation or implantation

Question 7

The endometrium is the lining of which organ?

Answer 7

The uterus

Question 8

Name the tube between the ovary and the uterus.

Answer 8

Fallopian tube/oviduct

Question 9

The fallopian tube is lined with ciliated cells, explain the importance of these ciliated cells.

Answer 9

The cilia beat and help move the egg along the oviduct towards the uterus.

Question 10

Where does fertilisation take place?

Answer 10

The oviduct

Question 11

What type of chemical do endocrine glands produce?

Answer 11

Hormones

Question 12

Name the fluid filled sac containing an immature ovum.

Answer 12

Graafian follicle

Question 13

Name the hormone the Graafian follicle produces.

Answer 13

Oestrogen

Question 14

Which structure within the ovary secretes progesterone?

Answer 14

Corpus luteum

Question 15

Blood progesterone levels of a female volunteer were monitored every day. The progesterone levels were low for almost 2 weeks, then were seen to rise. The first day with increased progesterone levels was a Thursday, and levels continued to increase on Friday and Saturday and the subsequent few days before gradually decreasing again.
On which day of the week did ovulation occur?

Answer 15

Thursday

Question 16

Name the two hormones, produced in the pituitary gland, that are involved in controlling the menstrual cycle.

Answer 16

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinising hormone)

Question 17

What is the name given to the release of an egg from an ovary?

Answer 17

Ovulation

Question 18

Name two hormones made in the ovary.

Answer 18

Progesterone
Oestrogen

Question 19

What hormone is made in the testes?

Answer 19

Testosterone

Question 20

What event takes place at the same time when LH production surges

Answer 20

Ovulation

Question 21

Name the hormone that thickens and further develops the endometrium and inhibits FSH and LH production.

Answer 21

Progesterone

Question 22

Name the hormone that low levels of it causes loss of the endometrium

Answer 22

Progesterone

Question 23

Name the hormone that stimulates the cervix to produce a thin mucus that is easily penetrated by sperm.

Answer 23

Oestrogen

Question 24

True or false, progesterone levels will rise immediately (same day) after ovulation.

Answer 24

TRUE (when ovulation occurs, the Graafian follicle turns into the corpus luteum – corpus luteum begins to produce progesterone, this will happen quickly enough that progesterone levels will rise on the same day as ovulation).

Question 26

Answer 26

1.) B Progesterone 2.) D

Question 27

Answer 27

3.) B 4.) C, 0.6s for one heartbeat. 60/.06 = 100bpm

Question 28

Answer 28

5.) A 6.) C

Question 29

Answer 29

3.) B 11.) C

Question 30

Answer 30

26.) D 29.) B

Question 31

Answer 31

30.) A 33.) C

Question 32

Answer 32

34.) A 38.) D

Question 33

Answer 33

3.) A 13.) D

Question 34

Answer 34

1a.) enzymes/fructose/prostaglandins b.) enzymes control the viscosity of the fluid. Fructose provides the source of energy for the sperm to swim to the egg. Prostaglandins cause contractions of the female reproductive tract. c.) interstitial cells in the testes d.) oviduct

Question 35

Answer 35

2ai.) Graafian follicle, produces oestrogen ii.) corpus luteum bi.) FSH & LH bii.) LH

Question 36

Answer 36

3a.) low sperm count b.) ICSI 4.) physical methods: tubal ligation, diaphragm Chemical methods: contraceptive pill, mini pills

Question 37

Answer 37

5a.) person a: XrY. Person b: XRXr B.) From their mother as the affected gene is carried on the X chromosome and fathers pass their Y chromosome to their sons/ mother as the father doesn’t carry the affected allele. C.) 0%

Question 38

Answer 38

6ai.) tissue fluid ii.) tissue fluid contains little or no protein, plasma contains proteins. b.) lymphatic return OR osmosis return c.) thin walls

Question 39

Answer 39

7a.) P & Q aii.) atrioventricular valve B.) right atrium

Question 40

Answer 40

8a.) 5.355 litres/min B.) exercise increases stroke volume C.) it would increase more than during moderate exercise

Question 41

Answer 41

9a.) fibrin B.) embolus C.) cholesterol/fatty materials/calcium D.) stroke

Question 42

Answer 42

10.) x - glucagon, y - insulin

Question 43

Answer 43

11ai.) A ii.) Blood glucose higher at start / spikes higher / doesn’t come back down to normal levels B.) From 0-60 mins after drinking the glucose, the blood sugar levels rise, then from 60-150mins after drinking the glucose, blood sugar levels decrease C.) 14 m mol/litre D.) 13.5 m mol/litre

Question 44

Answer 44

Column X

Question 45

Answer 45

1a.) testes B.) sperm C.) FSH D.) Interstitial cells; they produce testosterone

Question 46

Answer 46

2ai.) B ii.) ciliated cells line the oviduct – the cilia beat and help move the egg along the oviduct towards the uterus iii.) IVF bi.) FSH ii.) Stimulates production of a thin mucus from cervix / Causes proliferation of the endometrium to repair it after menstruation / Inhibits FSH production/ Stimulates secretion of LH by the pituitary gland - high levels of oestrogen cause a surge in LH iii.) LH

Question 47

Answer 47

3a.) low sperm count B.) ICSI

Question 48

Answer 48

5a.) Person A ___ XrY Person B ____XRXr B.) From their mother as the affected gene is carried on the X chromosome and fathers pass their Y chromosome to their sons/ mother as the father doesn’t carry the affected allele._ C.) 0%

Question 49

Answer 49

6ai.) tissue fluid ii.) Tissue fluid contains little or no protein; plasma contains protein B.) Lymphatic return OR Osmotic return C.) thin walls

Question 50

Answer 50

7ai.) P & Q ii.) Atrioventricular Valve B.) right atrium

Question 51

Answer 51

8a.) Any number more than 105 but less than 200 B.) The amount of blood ejected from each ventricle in one minute C.) 5.04 litres/min_ D.) 7.56 litres/min_

Question 52

Answer 52

9a.) fibrin B.) embolus C.) Cholesterol / fatty materials/ Calcium D.) stroke

Question 53

Answer 53

1.) capillaries 2. Carries oxygenated blood to the head - carotid artery Carries deoxygenated blood from the kidney - renal vein Carries oxygenated blood to the liver – hepatic artery Carries deoxygenated blood from the gut to the liver – hepatic portal vein Carries blood to the heart from the lungs - pulmonary vein Carries oxygenated blood to the cardiac cells of the heart – coronary artery 3. Vasoconstriction – when a blood vessel narrows so that it carries less blood. Vasodilation - when a blood vessel widens to carry more blood 4. aorta 5. Vena cava 6. Tissue fluid, plasma, lymph Tissue fluid bathes the tissues – also known as extracellular fluid. It forms when plasma is squeezed through the walls of capillaries from the bloodstream. Plasma found in blood vessels – it is the fluid portion of the blood. A yellow watery fluid with dissolved substances Lymph is the name given to fluid once it has entered lymphatic vessels

Question 54

Answer 54

6b.) Plasma contains protein, tissue fluid doesn’t C.) Proteins are too large to be squeezed through the capillary walls so the remain in the bloodstream 7a.) Osmosis and by entering lymphatic ducts i.e. osmotic return and lymphatic return B.) Oedema (swelling)

Question 55

Answer 55

4.) D 5.) B (0.4 + 0.1 + 0.3 = 0.8seconds) From the table, 1 cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 seconds 60 seconds in one minute So 60seconds/0.8seconds = 75bpm The

Question 56

Answer 56

1.) Formation of atheromas (plaques) underneath the inner lining (endothelium) of an artery 2.) Artery wall becomes thicker so the lumen becomes narrower; there is a loss of elasticity 3.) A thrombus is a blood clot 4.) A blood clot that has broken loose and moves through blood vessels 5.) A stroke (cerebrovascular accident, CVA) 6.) Heart attack /myocardial infarction 7.) Cholesterol is made by all body cells, and liver cells in particular, which produce 25% of the total. 8.) Essential part of cell membranes And Precursor for synthesis of steroids (e.g. testosterone) 9.) High HDL:LDL ratio is considered healthier – a good blood lipid profile – as it can lead to a decrease in blood cholesterol levels.