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reproduction and sexual health > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

where is GnRH secreted from

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

what is the role of GnRH

A

stimulates the release of FSH and LH

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3
Q

where are LH and FSH secreted from

A

the anterior pituitary

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4
Q

what is the role of FSH

A

stimulates the growth and development of the follicle

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5
Q

what is the role of LH

A

stimulates theca cells to produce androgens

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6
Q

where is oestrogen mainly produced

A

granulosa cells of the follicles in the ovaries

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7
Q

where is progesterone produced

A

the corpus luteum after ovulation

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8
Q

what is the corpus luteum

A

temporary collection of cells left over from the follicle after the ovum has been released

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9
Q

what are the 2 main phases of the menstrual cycle

A

follicular phase and the luteal phase

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10
Q

when is the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

A

from the start of menstruation until ovulation (first 14 days of 28 cycle)

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11
Q

when is the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

A

from ovulation to the start of menstruation

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12
Q

what triggers ovulation

A

LH surge

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13
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisation doesn’t occur

A

degenerates into the corpus albicans

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14
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisation occurs

A

embryo secretes hCG (synctiotrophoblast cells) which maintains corpus luteum
means progesterone is still secreted and the pregnancy is maintained

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15
Q

what is a fertilised egg called

A

zygote

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16
Q

what are blastomeres

A

the individual cells resulting from cleavage of a zygote

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17
Q

what is a morula

A

solid ball of 16-32 blastomeres

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18
Q

what does the morula differentiate into (+ describe it)

A

blastocyst
inner cell mass (embryoblast) and outer layer that becomes the placenta (trophoblast)
hatches from the zona pellucida

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19
Q

describe what happens in the follicular phase

A
  1. menstruation
  2. GnRH secreted and triggers the secretion of LH and FSH
  3. these stimulate development of follicles
  4. as follicles mature they release oestrogen - downregulates the other hormones so focus is on developing one ovum (from the dominant follicle)
  5. LH surge triggers ovulation
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20
Q

describe what happens during the luteal phase

A

ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone
this prepares the endometrium for implantation

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21
Q

when and where does implantation usually occur

A

day 5-8
implants on the posterior uterine wall

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22
Q

what vessel carries oxygen saturated blood to the foetus

A

umbilical vein

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23
Q

what vessel carries deoxygenated blood back from the foetus into the maternal circulation

A

uterine veins

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24
Q

what is the role of human placental lactogen hormone

A

increases insulin resistance - makes more glucose available for foetus
promotes fat breakdown for maternal energy
prepares the breasts for lactation

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25
what happens to blood volume during pregnancy
increases to support the growing foetus
26
how does cardiac output change in pregnancy
increases due to higher stroke volume and heart rate
27
why does BP decrease in early and middle pregnancy
due to decreased peripheral vascular resistance from vasodilation
28
what happens to respiration in pregnancy
tidal volume and respiratory rate increase
29
how does kidney function change in pregnancy
increased renal blood flow and GFR
30
what hormone increases salt and water retention in pregnancy
aldosterone
31
why does hydronephrosis occur in pregnancy and which side is it more commonly found on
dilatation of ureters and collecting system the right side
32
why do pregnant women have higher iron, folate and B12 needs
increased red blood cell production
33
why does pregnancy cause physiological anaemia
plasma volume increases more than RBC volume, reducing haematocrit
34
why is pregnancy a hypercoagulable state
increased fibrinogen, factor 7,8 and 10
35
what role do prostaglandins play in labour
stimulate uterine contractions and ripen the cervix
36
which prostaglandin is used to induce labour
E2 (dinoprostone) given as a pessary
37
what are braxton hicks contractions
irregular and painless contractions that DO NOT lead to labour
38
what is the first stage of labour
onset of regular contractions until the cervix is fully dilated to 10cm
39
what happens to the cervix during the first stage of labour
dilatation and effacement (thins out)
40
what are the 3 stages of the first stage of labour
Latent phase: 0–3cm dilation, irregular contractions Active phase: 3–7cm dilation, regular contractions Transition phase: 7–10cm dilation, strong contractions
41
what is the second stage of labour
full cervical dilatation until delivery of the baby
42
what are the 3P's that determine success in the second stage of labour
power passenger pasage
43
what are the 3 foetal lies
Longitudinal lie – Baby is straight up and down Transverse lie – Baby is straight side to side Oblique lie – Baby is at an angle
44
what are the 7 cardinal movements of labour
1️⃣ Engagement 2️⃣ Descent 3️⃣ Flexion 4️⃣ Internal rotation 5️⃣ Extension 6️⃣ Restitution & external rotation 7️⃣ Expulsion
45
what does the foetal head station describe
baby's position in relation to the ischial spines
46
what is the third stage of labour
delivery of the baby to the delivery of the placenta
47
what is active management of the third stage of labour
oxytocin + cord traction to speed up placental delivery
48
what drug can be given to speed up the third stage of labour
oxytocin
49
what hormone stimulates milk production
prolactin
50
what hormone is involved with the milk let-down reflex
oxytocin
51
what is the structure and role of the umbilical cord
connects the foetus to the placenta 3 vessels: one vein carrying O2 blood to baby, 2 arteries carrying de-O2 blood back to the placenta
52
how many shunts are there in the foetal circulation and name them
3: ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus
53
what is the foramen ovale and what is its role
located between the 2 atria - allows oxygen-rich blood to bypass the non-functioning foetal lungs
54
what is the ductus arteriosus
blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta - stops blood flowing to the lungs
55
what is the role of the ductus venosus
shunt that makes oxygenated blood bypass the liver so it can reach the brain
56
where is surfactant in the lungs produced
alveolar type 2 cells
57
how do the lungs change after birth
lung fluid is reabsorbed and air filled lung is established
58
name some factors that stimulate a baby to breathe
cord clamping, changes in pO2, reducing circulating prostaglandin
59
what happens in the circulatory transition following birth
pulmonary vascular resistance decreases, systemic vascular resistance increases circulating prostaglandins drop ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close
60
what is the consequence of the ductus arteriosus closing
all blood leaving the right ventricle to travel to the lung via the pulmonary arteries
61
what is the consequence of the foramen ovale closing
isolation of oxygen and deoxygenated blood in the atria
62
what is persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
pulmonary arteries remain constricted - leading to high pulmonary vascular resistance causes right-to-left shunting
63
management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the new born
ventilation, nitrous oxide, ECMO in severe cases
64
what is the most common cause of respiratory distress in term newborns and what causes it
transient tachypnoea delayed reabsorption and clearance of foetal alveolar fluid
65
how do babies prepare for thermoregulation after birth in-utero
lay down brown fat in the 3rd trimester
66
what are the 3 main parts of birth that are important for establishing gut biome in a foetus
birth canal, skin to skin contact, feeding (especially breastmilk)
67
what causes physiological anaemia after birth
adult Hb is synthesised slower than foetal Hb is broken down

reproduction and sexual health (18 decks)

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