Physiology

Question 1

Gastrointestinal Physiology

Answer 1

Gastrointestinal physiology: enzymes

Amylase is present in saliva and pancreatic secretions. It breaks starch down into sugar.

The following brush border enzymes are involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates:

Maltase: cleaves disaccharide maltose to glucose + glucose
Sucrase: cleaves sucrose to fructose and glucose
Lactase: cleaves disaccharide lactose to glucose + galactose

Question 2

Renal stones

Answer 2

RADIO-OPAQUE
- Calcium oxalate ( Hypercalciuria, Hyperoxaluria, Hypocitraturia, Hyperuricosuria)
- Calcium phosphate
- Struvite ( magnesium, ammonium, phosphate) is formed by urease-producing bacteria

RADIO- LUCENT
- Uric Acid stones

Question 3

Immunoglobulins

Answer 3

IgG 75%

IgA 15%

IgM 10%

IgD 1%

IgE 0.1%

Question 4

Secretin

Answer 4

Secretin increases secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid from pancreas and hepatic duct cells