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MICN201 2025 Cardiovascular > Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Physiology 2 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

How many times does the heart beat over an average lifetime of 75 years at a rate of 70 beats per minute?

A

2,759,400,000 times

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2
Q

What is the function of the AV valves?

A

They allow uni-directional blood flow from atrium into ventricle

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3
Q

What are the names of the AV valves in the right and left heart?

A
  • Right heart - tricuspid valve
  • Left heart - mitral valve
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4
Q

What attaches the chordae tendineae to the ventricular muscle?

A

Papillary muscles

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5
Q

What is the process for the opening and closing of AV valves?

A

It is a PASSIVE process DEPENDENT ON PRESSURE DIFFERENCE across the valve (ATRIAL P > VENTRICULAR P)

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6
Q

What are the names of the semilunar valves?

A
  • Aortic valve
  • Pulmonary valve
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7
Q

What do semilunar valves prevent during diastole?

A

Back flow into the ventricles

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8
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

One complete set of cardiac contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)

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9
Q

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • Ventricular diastole
  • Ventricular systole
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10
Q

What occurs during diastole 1?

A

Isovolumetric or isometric ventricular relaxation (0.05s)

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11
Q

What happens to the volume of blood in the ventricle during diastole 1?

A

No change in the volume of blood in the ventricle

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12
Q

What occurs during diastole 2?

A

Ventricular filling (approximately 0.5s at rest)

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13
Q

What percentage of ventricular filling occurs passively?

A

Approximately 80%

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14
Q

What is the maximum volume of blood in the ventricle called?

A

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

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15
Q

What is the duration of systole 1?

A

0.05s

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16
Q

What marks the beginning of isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

A

Closure of the AV valves

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17
Q

What sound is made by the closure of the AV valves?

A

First heart sound (S1)

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18
Q

What occurs during systole 2?

A

Ventricular ejection (0.3s)

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19
Q

What happens to the left ventricular pressure during systole?

A

It rises dramatically during isometric contraction

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20
Q

What is the pressure in the ventricle at the end of systole?

A

End-systolic volume (ESV) is at a minimum (60 mL)

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21
Q

What marks the end of systole?

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A

Closure of the semilunar valves

22
Q

What is the significance of the Wiggers diagram?

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A

It portrays the phases of the cardiac cycle and pressure changes

23
Q

What happens to the duration of diastole and systole as heart rate increases?

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A

Both decrease, with diastole decreasing more than systole

24
Q

What does the P wave on the ECG represent?

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A

Atrial depolarisation

25
What is the second heart sound (S2) associated with?
Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
26
What can cause abnormal heart sounds or murmurs?
* Narrowing of a valve - stenosis * Reversal of flow through a valve - valve insufficiency or incompetence
27
What are the main phases of the cardiac cycle?
* Isovolumetric (isometric) relaxation * Ventricular filling * Isovolumetric (isometric) contraction * Ventricular ejection
28
What happens to ventricular volume during isometric contraction?
It remains constant
29
What is the pressure in the right ventricle during systole?
25 mmHg
30
What are the three waves described in right atrial pressure changes?
* A wave * C wave * V wave
31
What does a normal heart sound indicate?
Normal blood flow is laminar (stream-lined)
32
What occurs during diastole in terms of ventricular filling?
Approximately 80% of ventricular filling occurs passively down a pressure gradient ## Footnote Atrial contraction contributes the final 20% of blood ejected into the ventricle.
33
What is the end-diastolic volume (EDV) at rest?
Approximately 130 ml ## Footnote This represents the maximum volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole.
34
What marks the beginning of isovolumetric ventricular contraction?
Closure of the AV valves (mitral/tricuspid) ## Footnote This closure generates the first heart sound (S1).
35
How long does isovolumetric ventricular contraction last?
Approximately 0.05 seconds
36
What happens when left ventricular pressure (LVP) exceeds aortic pressure (AP)?
The aortic valve opens ## Footnote This event marks the beginning of ventricular ejection.
37
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the T wave appear on the ECG?
During ventricular ejection ## Footnote The T wave represents ventricular repolarization.
38
What is the end-systolic volume (ESV) in the ventricle?
60 mL ## Footnote This is the minimum volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of systole.
39
What are the two main phases of the cardiac cycle?
* Ventricular diastole: ventricles are relaxed * Ventricular systole: ventricles are contracting
40
What occurs during the isovolumetric relaxation phase?
Pressure in the ventricle falls below aortic pressure, closing the semilunar valves ## Footnote This closure generates the second heart sound (S2).
41
What is the relationship between heart rate and the duration of the cardiac cycle?
As heart rate increases, the duration of both diastole and systole decreases, with diastole decreasing more than systole.
42
What does the P wave on an ECG represent?
Atrial depolarization ## Footnote This electrical event precedes atrial contraction.
43
What is the normal sound associated with closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves?
First heart sound (S1) ## Footnote It is described as a low, long sound (lub).
44
What causes heart murmurs?
Turbulent blood flow ## Footnote This can be due to narrowing of a valve (stenosis) or reversal of flow (valve insufficiency).
45
What happens to arterial pressure during the ejection phase?
It rises to a maximum (systolic pressure) ## Footnote This occurs simultaneously with ventricular pressure.
46
What are the three waves observed in right atrial pressure?
* A wave * C wave * V wave
47
What is the significance of the jugular venous pressure (JVP)?
It can be used to assess right atrial pressure ## Footnote Changes in JVP can indicate changes in intrathoracic pressure or filling volume.
48
What is the duration of the cardiac cycle at rest (60 beats/min)?
1.00 second ## Footnote Diastole lasts 0.66 seconds, while systole lasts 0.34 seconds.
49
What is the significance of the Wiggers diagram?
It portrays information about the cardiac cycle, including pressures, volumes, and heart sounds.
50
What is the 'gallop rhythm' associated with?
Fourth heart sound (S4) ## Footnote It indicates ventricular filling during atrial 'top-up' and may suggest reduced ventricular compliance.

MICN201 2025 Cardiovascular (3 decks)

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