Physiology Flashcards by Becky Koscik

difference between a lung volume and a lung capacity

volume - just itself

capacity - volumes added

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what is the IRV

inspiratory reserve volume: air that can still be breathed in after normal inspiration
3.3 L

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what is the TV?

tidal volume: air that moves into lung with each wuiet inspiration
~500 mL

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what is the ERV?

expiratory reserve volume: air that can still be breathed out after normal expiration
1 L

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what is the IC/

Inspiratory capacity = IRV + TV

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what is the FRC?

Founctional residual capacity = RV+ ERV

volume of gas in lungs after normal expiration

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what is the VC?

vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV

maximum volume of gas that can be expired after a maximal inspiration

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what is TLC

tender loving care…time to take a break

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what is TLC

total lung capacity = IRV+ TV+ IRV + ERV

volume of gas present in lungs after a mximal inspiration

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formular for physiological dead space

Vd = Vt [(PaCO2-PECO2)/PaCO2]

TACO PACO PECO PACO hurrah.

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define physiological dead space

anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space

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where do you find the most alveolar dead spave in the lung?

the apex

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define alveolar dead space

volume of inspired air that does nto take part in gas exchange

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describe and formula for minute ventilation

total volume fo gas entering lungs per minute

VE= VT x RR

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describe and formula for alveolar ventilation

volume of gas per unit time that reaches alveoli

VA = (VT-VD) x RR

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describe the FRC in terms of the lung and chest wall

inward pull of lungs eqaules outward pull of chest
pressure is atmospheric
resistance in blood vessels is least
intrapleural pressure is negative
airway and alveolar pressures are zero

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when does compliance decrease

pulmonary fibrosis
pneumonia
pulmonary oedema

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when does compliance increase

aging

emphysema

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taut state of hb

deoxygenated
has low affinity for O2
RIGHT SHIGT

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r state of Hb

oxygenated
has high affinity for O2
LEFT SHIFT

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HbF can get O2 from mom because?

decreased affinity for 23 bpg than adult HbA

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why does pulmonary vascular resistance increased with increased lung volumes

intra vessels get stretched longitudinally and decreases diameter increasing resistance

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why does pulmonary vascular resistance increase with decreased lung volumes

exta vessels have less radial traction - smaller diameter

and compressed by positive itnrathoracic pressure

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presentation of methemoglobin

cyanoitic

chocolate coloured blood

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what can cause methemoglobin

nitrites and beonzocaine

effects of carboxyhemoglobin

``` CO instead of O3 decreased oxygen binding capacity left shift decreased O2 unloading at tissues has two hundred x affinity for Hb than O1 treat with 100% O2 and hyperbaric oxygen ```

what is positive cooperatiivity

tetrameric Hb can bind four oxygen and has higher affinity for each subsequeant O SIGMOIDAL unlike myoglobin

formula for oxygen content

oxygen content = (Hb concentration) (% saturation) + dissolved O2

how much oxygen can 1 g of Hb bind

1/34 nL

what level of deoxy hb must there be to see cyanosis

when deoxy Hb is greater than 5 g/dL

what is the O2 binding capacity ?

20.1 ml O2/dl

formula for O2 delivery to tissues please

o1 delivery to tissues = CO x O2 content of blood

describe effect of CO on oxygen content

hb = normal O2 sat % = lower dissolvedO2 - normal content - lower

describe effect of anaemia on oxygen content

hb - low o2 sat % - normal dissolved O2 = normal content - lower

describe effect of polycythemia on oxygen content

hb - high o2 sat % - normal dissolved O2 - normal content - higher

what dictates dissolved O2

PaO2 diffusion limitation véq

describe perfusion limited gases

normal healthy O2, CO2 and N2O | equilibrates in the first 2/3rds of the pulmonary capillary

how can you increase the diffusion fo perfusion limited gases

increased the flow = increased diffusion of perfusion limited gases

describe diffusion limited gases

O2 in emphysema, fibrosis and exercise CO gas does not equilibrate by the time blood reaches the end of the capillary.

formula for diffusion limitation please

Vgas= A/T x D(P1-P2) Area decreased in emphysema Thickness increased in fibrosisq

formula for pulmonary vascular resistance

PVR = (Ppulm artery - Poulm vein) / CO

formula for resistance please

(8 x viscosity x length) / (pie x radius^4) | pouiseille

what is the alveolar gas equation

PAo2 = PIO2 - (PaCO2/R)

what is considered a normal A-a gradient?

10-15 mmHg @ FA15 | 5-10 mmHg @ uwolrd bank

whaty causes an increased A-a graidnet?

hypoxemia caused by V/Q mismatch, diffusion limitation, right to left shunt

what causes hypocemia with a normal a-a gradietn

high altitude | hypoventilation @ sedative o/d, sleep apnea, myasthenia gravis, polio, obesity

what causes V/q mismatch

pneumonia obstructive dz pulmonary embolus

what causes diffusion limitation?

fibrosis, emphesema, hyaline membrane disease

what causes right to left shunt?

congenticla heart disease

what is the V/Q at the base of the lungs?

0.6 - wasted perfusion

what is the V/Q at the apex of the lungs?

3 - wasted ventilation

where is ventilation and perfusion the greatest??

at base

what happens to the v/q with exercise?

approaches one and become more uniform throughout the lung as apival capillaries vasodilate with increased CO

describe V/q and shunt

V/Q --> approaches zero. no ventilation, so PO2 will look like venous blood does not improve on 100% oxygen

describe V/Q and dead space

V/Q --> approaches infinity. no blood flow (PE), so PO2 will look like inspired air. assuming less than 100% dead space, 100% O2 will improve PaO2

list the three ways CO2 is transported from tissues to lungs

HCO3 - 90% carbaminohemglbin - 5% dissolved Co2 - 5%

Haldane effect

at lungs - oxygenation fo Hb promotes dissof=citation of H from Hb -- CO2 formation - CO2 is released from rbcs -- Cl out

bohr effect

increased H from tissues metabism shifts curve to the right and O2 is unloaded HCO3 out and Cl in

how is the majority of blood CO2 carried?

as HCO3- in the plasma

describe effects of altitude.

decreased PO2 - decreased PaO2 - increased ventilation - chronic increased in respiration -- respiratory alkalosis increased erythropoietin - incresad hematocrit and Hb increased 23bpg so H2 releases more O2 increased renal secretio of HCO3 for compensation of alakalosis

potential complication of high altitude

chronic hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction - RVH

describe response to exercise please

increased CO2 production and increased O2 consumption increase ventilation rate to meet O2 demand no change in PaO2 or PaCO2 increased in venous PCO2 v/q ratio becomes more uniform increased pulmonary flow due to increased CO decreased pH only in strenuous exercise - lactic acidosis decreased in venous PO2

Physiology Flashcards

(62 cards)