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Respiratory > Physiology 4 > Flashcards

Physiology 4 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Oxygen picked up by blood at the ___ must be transported to the ___ for use in ___.

A

lungs , tissue , cells

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2
Q

Carbon dioxide produced in ___ must be transported to the ___ for removal from the body.

A

tissues , lungs

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3
Q

Name two factors which account for the difference in partial pressure of oxygen between the alveoli are arterioles?

A
  1. Unbalance in ventilation/perfusion ratio

2. Shunting of blood

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4
Q

Describe Henry’s Law.

A

The amount of gas which will dissolve in a liquid (e.g blood) is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas

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5
Q

How is most oxygen transported in the blood?

A

Bound to haemoglobin

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6
Q

What is the normal oxygen concentration in arterial blood (in ml/L)?

A

200ml/L

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7
Q

What percentage of oxygen is transported in the blood bound to haemoglobin?

A

98.5%

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8
Q

What percentage of oxygen is transported in the blood in its dissolved form?

A

1.5%

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9
Q

Haemoglobin binds _____ to oxygen.

A

reversibly

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10
Q

How many haem groups does an adult haemoglobin molecule have?

A

4

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11
Q

How many oxygen molecules does a haem group carry?

A

1

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12
Q

Haemoglobin is fully saturated when __ of its haem groups have an oxygen bound.

A

4

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13
Q

What term is used for a haemoglobin molecule with all four of its subunits bound to oxygen?

A

Fully saturated

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14
Q

What is the primary factor which determines the percentage saturation of haemoglobin?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)

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15
Q

What shape is the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

Sigmoidal

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16
Q

Is saturation related to haemoglobin concentration?

A

No

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17
Q

Write a word equation for Oxygen Delivery Index (DO2I).

A

Oxygen delivery index = Oxygen content of arterial blood x Cardiac index

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18
Q

What is cardiac index?

A

Relates the cardiac output to the body’s surface area (i.e size of the individual)

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19
Q

What are the units of cardiac index?

A

L/min/metre^2

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20
Q

What are the units of Oxygen content of arterial blood?

A

ml/L

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21
Q

What are the units are Oxygen Delivery Index?

A

ml/min/metre^2

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22
Q

What is the normal range for cardiac index?

Study These Flashcards
A

2.4 - 4.2 L/min/metre^2

23
Q

What is the equation used to obtain oxygen content of arterial blood (CaO2)?

Study These Flashcards
A

CaO2 = 1.34 x [Hb] x SaO2 (percentage haemoglobin saturation)

24
Q

What determines the percentage haemoglobin saturation?

Study These Flashcards
A

Partial pressure of oxygen

25
Name two factors which impair oxygen delivery to tissues.
Decreased partial pressure of inspired oxygen Respiratory disease Anaemia Heart failure
26
What does partial pressure of inspired oxygen depend on?
``` Atmospheric pressure (Boyle's Law) Proportion of oxygen in the gas mixture ```
27
What is the normal proportion of oxygen in atmospheric air?
21%
28
Atmospheric pressure varies with ____.
altitude
29
How can some respiratory disease decrease the oxygen content of blood?
Decreases partial pressure of oxygen in the arteries --> decreases Hb saturation
30
How does anaemia reduce the oxygen content of blood?
Reduces the available Hb concentration
31
Binding of one oxygen molecule to Hb increases the affinity of other subunits to oxygen. What is this called?
Cooperativity
32
How does heart failure impair oxygen delivery to tissues?
Reduces cardiac output
33
____ gives the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve a sigmoid shape.
Cooperativity
34
The Bohr Effect causes the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the ____.
right
35
Name 3 conditions which cause the Bohr Effect in oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curves.
1. Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide 2. Increased [H+] 3. Increased temperature 4. Increased [2,3-Biphosphoglycerate]
36
The Bohr Effect causes haemoglobin to give up oxygen in ____.
tissues
37
Tissue conditions promote the ____ of oxygen to tissues by haemoglobin.
offload
38
How does the structure of foetal haemoglobin (HbF) vary from adult haemoglobin?
Foetal haemoglobin has 2 alpha subunits and 2 gamma subunits
39
Foetal haemoglobin interacts less with _,_-_____ in red blood cells.
2,3-Biphosphoglycerate
40
2,3-Biphosphoglycerate interacts LESS with what type of haemoglobin?
Foetal haemoglobin
41
What type of haemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than HbA?
Adult haemoglobin
42
Foetal haemoglobin has a greater affinity for ___ than adult haemoglobin.
oxygen
43
Compared to the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve of adult haemoglobin, that of foetal haemoglobin is shifted to the __.
left
44
Wha is an advantage of foetal haemoglobin's increased affinity for oxygen in development?
Allows oxygen transfer from mother to foetus even when the partial pressure of oxygen is low
45
Where is myoglobin found?
Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
46
How many haem groups does a myoglobin molecule have?
1
47
Does myoglobin possess cooperativity?
No
48
What shape is an oxygen-myoglobin dissociation curve?
Hyperbolic
49
Why is an oxygen-myoglobin dissociation curve hyperbolic?
No cooperativity
50
Myoglobin releases oxygen at (high / low) partial pressures.
low
51
Myoglobin provides (long-term / short-term) storage of oxygen in anaerobic conditions.
short-term
52
Myoglobin offers short-term storage of oxygen in what type of conditions?
Anaerobic
53
What does the presence of myoglobin the blood indicate?
Muscle damage
54
If a person has muscle damage, what may be present in their blood?
Myoglobin

Respiratory (11 decks)

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