Physiology

Question 1

What range of frequency can humans hear?

Answer 1

20Hz - 20,000Hz

Question 2

What opens the Eustachian tube?

Answer 2

tensor veli palatini & levator palatine muscles.

Question 3

What can dysfunction of the eustachian tube lead to?

Answer 3

Middle ear negative pressure

Question 4

Describe the cochlea?

Answer 4

Curved spiral lamina

2 1/2 turns around central modiolus

Question 5

Where is the endolymph of the cochlea?

Answer 5

In between the scala tympani and scala vestibuli (perilymph)

Question 6

What are the otolith organs?

Answer 6

Utricle and saccule

Question 7

What are the vestibular end organs?

Answer 7

maculae of utricle and saccule

Ampullae of lateral, posterior and superior semicircular canals

Question 8

What are otoconia?

Answer 8

Calcium carbonate crystals

Question 9

Where does the capula sit?

Answer 9

In the ampulla of the SCC

Question 10

How is deflection caused?

Answer 10

Movement of perilymph

Question 11

What causes the sterocilia to deflect?

Answer 11

bending

Question 12

What is vestibular schwannoma?

Answer 12

Tumour of VIII nerve sheath (Schwann) cells

Question 13

How does vestibular schwannoma cause imbalance?

Answer 13

Slowly progressive loss of function

Question 14

What kind of receptors are responsible for taste and smell?

Answer 14

Chemoreceptors

Question 15

What do taste buds consist of?

Answer 15

sensory receptor cells and support cells. Arranged like orange slices

Question 16

How long do taste receptor cells live for?

Answer 16

~10 days

Question 17

Where are taste receptor cells replaced from?

Answer 17

Basal cells

Question 18

Where are taste buds present?

Answer 18

Tongue
Palate
Epiglottis
Pharynx

Question 19

What are the four kinds of tongue papillae?

Answer 19

Filliform - no taste buds
Fungiform
Vallate
Foliate

Question 20

What is the taste provoking chemical?

Answer 20

Tastant

Question 21

Where are the signals conveyed from?

Answer 21

Cranial nerves via brainstem and thalamus to corticol gustatory areas

Question 22

What nerve does the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

Answer 22

VIIth cranial nerve

chroda tympani branch of facial nerve

Question 23

What does the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

Answer 23

Glossopharyngeal nerve IX

Question 24

What does the epiglottis and the pharynx?

Answer 24

Vagus X

Question 25

What are the 5 primary tastes?

Answer 25

``` Salty Sour Sweet Bitter Umami ```

Question 26

What is the name for loss of taste function?

Answer 26

Ageusia

Question 27

What is the name for reduced taste function?

Answer 27

Hypogeusia

Question 28

What is the name for distortion of taste function?

Answer 28

Dysgeusia

Question 29

Where is the olfactory mucosa?

Answer 29

Dorsal roof of nasal cavity

Question 30

What cell types are present in the olfactory mucosa?

Answer 30

Olfactory receptor cells Supporting cells Basal cells (secrete mucus)

Question 31

What does each neurone have? (olfactory)

Answer 31

a thick, short dendrite and an expanded end called an olfactory rod

Question 32

What is the life span of an olfactory receptor?

Answer 32

~2 months

Question 33

What do basal cells act as?

Answer 33

Precursors for new olfactory receptor cells

Question 34

Where do the afferent fibres of the olfactory nerve go?

Answer 34

They pierce through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone and enter the olfactory bulbs in the inferior surface of the brain

Question 35

What must a substance be in order to be smelled?

Answer 35

Sufficiently volatile and sufficiently water soluble.

Question 36

What is the inability to smell called?

Answer 36

Anosmia

Question 37

What is reduced ability to smell?

Answer 37

Hyposmia

Question 38

What can hyposmia be an early sign of?

Answer 38

Parkinsons disease

Question 39

What is an altered sense of smell?

Answer 39

Dysosmia