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Comprehensive Exam COB- Aubrey > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

In protein synthesis, how many high energy phosphate bonds are needed to form one peptide linkage? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four

A

Four

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2
Q

Whit of the following is the major rate-limiting factor for almost all energy metabolism in the body? A. ATP B. ADP C. NAD+ D. Glucose

A

ADP

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3
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The liver has a low blood flow and high vascular resistance B. The liver has a low blood flow and low vascular resistance C. The liver has a high blood flow and high vascular resistance D. The liver has a high blood flow and low vascular resistance

A

The liver has a high blood flow and low vascular resistance

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4
Q

Which of the following is not characteristic of the metabolic syndrome associated with diabetes? A. Peripheral neuropathy B. Obesity C. Fasting hyperglycemia D. Hypertension

A

A. Peripheral neuropathy

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5
Q

Heme is released from damaged RBCs and split into globin and heme by macrophages. Heme is then converted into which of the following by heme oxygenase? A. Cholic acid B. Bileverdin C. Bilirubin D. Urobilinogen

A

Bileverdin

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6
Q

A higher than normal back pressure in hepatic veins may lead to the following condition: A. Jaundice B. Cirrhosis C. Ascites D. Diabetes

A

C. Ascites

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7
Q

Hyperkalemis, mild acidosis, rise in RBC concentration, loss of ability to maintain normal blood glucose concentrations between meals, and changes in pigmentation pattern are all consistent with which of the following conditions? A. Cushing’s B. Hypothyroidism C. Addison’s D. Hyperparathyroidism

A

Addison’s

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8
Q

Which of the following is/are functions of glucocorticoids? A. Stimulation of gluconeogenesis B. Decreased glucose utilization by cells C. Resists inflammation D. Resists stress E. All of the above are functions

A

E. All of the above are functions

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9
Q

Aldosterone is the major mineralcorticoid and is secreted by which of the following regions of the adrenal cortex? A. Zona glomerulosa B. Zona fasciculata C. Zona reticularis D. Zona medullaris

A

A. Zona glomerulosa

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10
Q

Cortisol secretion is controlled mainly by which of the following factors? A. Plasma potassium concentration B. Angiotensinogen II C. Plasma sodium concentration D. ACTH

A

D. ACTH

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11
Q

The active form of vitamin D promotes the intestinal uptake of calcium by increasing the formation of which of the following substances? A. Apoprotein B B. Calbindin C. Albumin D. Calciferol

A

B. Calbindin

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12
Q

Hypocalcemia usually becomes lethal at which of the following levels? A. 12 mg/dl B. 9.5 mg/dl C. 6 mg/dl D. 4 mg/dl

A

D. 4 mg/dl

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13
Q

Normally the body takes in about 1000 mg of calcium per day orally. How much is lost in the feces per day? A. 350 mg B. 750 mg C. 900 mg D. 990 mg

A

C. 900 mg

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14
Q

Parathyroid hormone has which of the following effects on renal tubules? A. PTH promotes the reabsorption of potassium B. PTH promotes the reabsorption of calcium C. PTH promotes the reabsorption of sodium D. PTH promotes the reabsorption of potassium, calcium, and sodium

A

B. PTH promotes the reabsorption of calcium

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15
Q

Which of the following nerves supplies parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland? A. Facial nerve B. Trigeminal nerve C. Glosspharyngeal nerve D. Vagus nerve

A

C. Glosspharyngeal nerve

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16
Q

Which of the following conditions describes the effects of the ANS on sweat glands in the hands and feet? A. Parasympathetic; cholinergic B. Parasympathetic; adrenergic C. Sympathetic; cholinergic D. Sympathetic; adrenergic

A

C. Sympathetic; cholinergic

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17
Q

Which of the following acts as an antihypertensive agent by being uptake by adrenergic neurons and replacing norepinephrine in the synaptic vesicles? A. Methozamine B. Albuterol C. Guanethidine D. Phenoxybenzadine

A

C. Guanethidine

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18
Q

Beta-3 receptors are involved in which of the following functions? A. Adrenergic, thermogenesis B. Adrenergic, glycogenolysis C. Adrenergic, cardiac acceleration D. Adrenergic, vasoconstriction

A

A. Adrenergic, thermogenesis

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19
Q
  1. Which part of the cerebral cortex develops a “motor image” of the total muscle movement that is to be performed? See slide 35 lecture 10

Primary motor cortex

Supplemental motor cortex

Premotor cortex

Supplemental sensory cortex

A

Premotor cortex

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20
Q

. Which of the following tracts make up the medullary pyramids?

rubrospinal

Reticulospinal

Corticospinal

Vestibulospinal

A

Corticospinal

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21
Q
  1. Which of the following structures is involved in determining the orientation of the head when the head is upright?

Saccule

Utricle

Crista

A

Utricle

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22
Q

. Which of the following nuclei is not involved in the indirect pathway?

Putamen

Thalamic

Globus pallidus

Caudate

A

Putamen

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23
Q
  1. Which of the following neurotransmitters is used by the thalamus to signal the motor cortex?

GABA (inhibitory)

Acetylcholine (from the motor cortex)

Dopamine (substantia nigra)

Glutamate

A

Glutamate

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24
Q
  1. Most of the basal nuclei utilize inhibitory neurotransmitters. Which of the following is used by most basal nuclei?

Glutamate

GABA

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

A

GABA

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25
. Mossy fibers in the cerebellum originate from which of the following areas of the brain? Red nucleus Thalamus Medullary olives (climbing fibers) Spinocerebellar tracts
Spinocerebellar tracts
26
. Climbing fibers in the cerebellum originate from which of the following areas of the brain? Red nucleus Thalamus Medullary olives Reticular nuclei
Medullary olives
27
9. Of the following pairs of deep intracellular cerebellar nuclei, which pair is related to postural activity and limb movements via the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts? Dentate Emboliform Fastigial Globose
Fastigial
28
10. Interstitial cells of Cajal are associated with which of the following functions? Pacemaker activity for smooth muscle cells Secretory activity of the intestinal mucosa Inhibition of stomach motility and secretion Opening of potassium channels during intestinal contraction.
Pacemaker activity for smooth muscle cells
29
11. The voluntary stage of swallowing ends at which of the following locations? Pharynx Upper Esophagus Lower esophagus Antrum of stomach
Pharynx
30
12. Which of the following sequences is correct with regard to the sequence of layers making up the gut wall from inside (lumen) toward the outside? [note that not all layers are included] Lamina propria, mucosa, submucosa, circular muscle layer Lamina propria, mucosa, circular layer, submucosa Mucosa, lamina propria, submucosa, circular muscle
Mucosa, lamina propria, submucosa, circular muscle
31
In the urea (ornithien ) cycle, which of the following reactions occurs in the mitochondria? Citrullin + aspartate à argininosuccinate Arginine à urea + ornithine Ammonia + CO2 à carbamoyl phosphate Both A and C occur in mitochondria
Ammonia + CO2 à carbamoyl phosphate
32
In protein synthesis, how many high-energy phosphate bonds are needed to form one peptide linkage? One Two Three Four
Four
33
Which of the following is the major rate limiting factor for almost all energy metabolism in the body? ATP ADP NAD+ Glucose
ADP
34
Which of the following states is true? The liver has a low blood flow and high vascular resistance The liver has a low blood flow and a low vascular resistance The liver has a high blood flow and high vascular resistance The liver has a high blood flow and low vascular resistance
The liver has a high blood flow and low vascular resistance
35
Which of the following is NOT characteristics of the metabolic syndrome associated with diabetes? Peripheral neuropathy Obesity Fasting hyperglycemia Hypertension
Peripheral neuropathy
36
Heme is released from damaged RBCs and split into globin and heme by macrophages. Heme is then converted into which of the follwoign heme oxygenase? Cholic acid BIliverdin BIlirubin Urobilinogen
BIliverdin
37
A higher than normal back pressure in hepatic veins may lead to the following condition Jaundice Cirrhosis Ascites Diabetes
Ascites
38
Hyperkalemia, mild acidosis, rise in RBC concentration loss of ability to maintain normal blood glucose concentrations between meals, and changes in pigmentation pattern are all consistent with which of the following conditions? Cushings Hypothyroidism Addisons Hyperparathyroidism
Addisons
39
Which of the following is/are functions of glucocorticoids? Stimulation of gluconeogenesis Decreased glucose utilization by cells Resists inflammation Resists stress All of the above
All of the above
40
Aldosterone is the major mineralocorticoid and is secreted by which of the following regions of the adrenal cortex? Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculate Zona reticularis Zona medullaris
Zona glomerulosa
41
Cortisol secretion is controlled mainly by which of the following factors? Plasma potassium concentration Angiotensionogen II Plasma sodium concentration ACTH
ACTH
42
Hypocalcemia usually becomes lethal at which of the following levels? 12 mg/dl 9.5 mg/dl 6 mg/dl 4 mg/dl
4 mg/dl
43
Normally the body takes in about 1000 mg of calcium per day orally. How much of this is lost in the feces per day? 350 mg 750 mg 900 mg 990 mg
900 mg
44
Parathyroid hormone has which of the following effects on renal tubules? PTH promotes the reabsorption of potassium PTH promotes the reabsorption of calcium
PTH promotes the reabsorption of calcium
45
Which of the following nerves supplies parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland? Facialnerve Trigeminal nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
46
Two point discrimination, sensory pathway
Dorsal column medial pathway
47
Small number of fibers pass all the way to the thalamus and the slow prime synapse where? Slow prime pathway (fast acute)
Reticular formation
48
1. Which of the following is not comprised of the analgesia system? Cerebral aqua Nucleus rubar (red nucleus) All of the above
Nucleus rubar (red nucleus)
49
Total refractive power of the human eye is about which of the following? 10 40 60
60
50
Dissocatie a. cis- retinal b. retinol c. trans-retinal
c.trans-retinal
51
Which of the following statements about regarding ion flowing through the rod membranes in the dark is false? Continually pumps Na Potential is at -70 mv
Potential is at -70 mv
52
Rod cyclic GMP are enclosed when phosphodiestase is activated by which of the following?
Transducin
53
Which of the following is neurotransmitter in the cerebral cortex that is always excitatory
Glutamate
54
Which of the following descriptions best describes the hair fibers from the oval window to the apex
Length increases and diameter of fibers decreases
55
In protein synthesis, how many high energy phosphate bonds are needed to form one peptide linkage? One Two Three Four
Four
56
Which reflex is responsible for polysnaptic excitation in contralateral extensors? Dynamic stretch reflex Golgi Tendon Organ Flexor withdrawal reflex Subluminal reflex
Flexor withdrawal reflex
57
Which of the following is a characteristic of nuclear bag fibers? They are one type of extrafusal muscle fibers They detect dynamic changes in muscle length They give rise to group Ib afferents They are innervated by a-motonoeurons
They detect dynamic changes in muscle length
58
Muscle stretch leads to a direct increase in firing rate of which type of nerve? A-Motoneurons Y-Motoneurons Group Ia fibers Group Ib fibers
Group Ia fibers
59
Which part of the cerebral cortex develops a “motor image” of the total muscle movement that is to be performed? Primary motor cortex Supplemental motor cortex Premotor cortex Supplemental sensory cortex
Premotor cortex
60
Which of the following tracts make up the medullary pyramids Rubrospinal Reticulospinal Corticospinal Vestibulospinal
Corticospinal
61
Which of the following structures is involved in determining the orientation of the head when the head is upright? Saccule Utricle Crista Semicircular canal
Utricle
62
Which of the following properties is a measure of the ease with which a hollow viscus may be distended? Elastance Compliance Resistance Distensibility
Compliance
63
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is formed in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. It is secreted by specialized neurons from which of the following areas? Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
64
An increase in which of the following factors will result in a decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure Arterial pressure Afferent arterial resistance Efferent arterial resistance B and c All
Afferent arterial resistance
65
Which of the following in liter/dat represents GFR in average adult human? 3 125 180 30
180
66
Almost 90% of glucoses occurs in the early proximal tubule. Which of the following is responsible for moving glucose from tubular lumen into cytoplasmic compartment? 1 Active via glucose atpase pump 2 active t via na/cellulose cotransorter 2 active trans via na glucose antiporter diffusion due to concentration differences btw tubular fluid and cytoplasm
2 active t via na/cellulose cotransorter
67
Most potassium reabsorption occurs at which of the following sites? Ascending loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convolute tubule Collecting duct
Proximal convolute tubule
68
Which of the following cells play a major role in the secretion of potassium? Intercalated cells Principal cells Chief cells Podocytes
Principal cells
69
Which of the following play a major role in stimulating potassium excretion by the kidney tubules? Aldosterone Angiotensin II Sodium ion PTH
Aldosterone
70
Approximately how much of the body’s supply of calcium is stored in bone? 1% 47% 78% 99%
99%
71
How much of filtered calcium is excreted by kidneys? 1% 47% 78% 99%
1%
72
Which of the following cells reabsorbs potassium during potassium depletion? Intercalated cells Principal cells Chief cells Podocytes
Intercalated cells
73
A high potassium intake would have which of the following effects on potassium excretion associated with increased renal tubular flow rate? Potassium excretion would increase with incrased tubular flow rate Potassium excretion would decrease with increased tubular flow rate There would be little effect Tubular flow rate would be decreased
Potassium excretion would increase with incrased tubular flow rate
74
Which of the following describes a valid change in potassium distribution due to an acid-base abnormality? Metabolic acidosis decreases extracellular K conc Metabolic alkalosis increases extracellular K conc Metabolic acidosis increases extracellular K conc A and B
Metabolic acidosis increases extracellular K conc
75
Which of the following buffer systems is most important in buffering renal tubular fluid? Phosphate buffer system Carbonate buffer system Bicarbonate vuffer system Hemoglobin buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
76
Compounds that dissociate incompletely into hydrogen and a conjugate base are members of which of the following compounds? Strong acids Weak acids Strong bases Weak bases
Weak acids
77
Primary active hydrogen secretion involved in a hydrogen transporting ATPase. It occurs in which of the following parts of the renal tubules? Descending limb of Henle Ascneding limb of Henle Last distal tubles in intercalated cells Early collecting
Last distal tubles in intercalated cells
78
Most bicaronate reabsorption occurs in which of the parts of the renal tubule? Proximal tubule Des limb of Henle Asd ling of Henle Distal tubule
Proximal tubule
79
Which of the following occurs when a decrease in bicarbonate ion results in a decrease in the ratio of bicarbonate ion to carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkolsis Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalois
Respiratory acidosis
80
Respiratory alkalosis due to a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration caused by hyperventilation is compensated for by which of the following mechanisms Increased ventilation rate Decreased ventilation rate Renal excretion of bicarbonate ion Renal addition of new bicarbonate ion
Renal excretion of bicarbonate ion
81
The thin descending loop of Henle is highly permeable to which of the following? Sodium Water Urea Amino acids
Water
82
Aldosterone is an important regulator of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion; one of its main targets is..? Podocytes Principal cells Intercalated cells Cells of macula densa
Principal cells
83
The macula densa is found in which of the following parts of the renal tubule? Proximal convoluted tubule Thin descending limb of Henle Thick ascending lumb of Henle Distal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
84
Whichof the flowing would be the result of increased levels of angiotensin II? Decreased vasoconstriction Increased vasoconstriction Increased vasodilation No change
Increased vasoconstriction
85
The volume by which the lungs and thorax increase for each unit of pressure change in the tranpulmonary pressure is referred to as: tidal volume inspiratory pressure compliance transpulmonary volume elasticity
compliance
86
\*During heavy exercise blood flow through the lungs increase four to seven times that at rest. This increase is due to which of the following: increase in the number of open capillaries up to three times normal Distension of capillaries and a doubling in the flow rate Increase in pulmonary arterial pressure All of the above A and b only
All of the above
87
The Va/Q ratio is zero (O) under which of the follwoign conditions? va= infinity, but Q=1 va= infinitym but Q=0 Va= 0, perfusion \>0 Va\>0 but Q=0
Va= 0, perfusion \>0
88
According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, an increase in blood partial oxygen pressure will have which of the following effects? a decrease in bound oxygen an increase in bound oxygen no change in bound oxygen There is no correlation between the two variables
an increase in bound oxygen
89
Reduction of blood flow to a portion of the lung have which of the following effects? alveolar pCO2 is lowered, resulting in a constriction of the bronchi supplying that portion of the lung Alveolar pCO2 is elevated, resulting in a constriction of the bronchi supplying that portion of the lung Alveolar pCO2 is lowered, resuting in a dilation of the bronchi supplying that portion of the lung Alveolar pCO2 is elevated, resulting in a dilation of the bronchi supplying the portion of the lung
Avolar pCO2 is lowered, resulting in a constriction of the bronchi supplying that portion of the lung
90
One gram of hemoglobin can bind to how much oxygen? 19. 4 ml oxygen 15. 4 ml oxygen 3. 25 ml oxygen 1. 34 ml oxygen
1.34 ml oxygen
91

Comprehensive Exam COB- Aubrey (2 decks)

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